بررسی اثر تنوع کشت بر کاهش ریسک درآمد محصولات منتخب کشاورزان (مطالعه موردی: استان زنجان)

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه اقتصاد کشاورزی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران

2 گروه اقتصاد کشاورزی، دانشکده اقتصاد و توسعه کشاورزی، دانشگاه تهران، کرج، ایران

3 گروه اقتصادکشاورزی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تهران، ایران

چکیده

تنوع کشت همواره به عنوان راه حلی برای کاهش ریسک کشاورزی مطرح بوده است. هدف این مطالعه بررسی ارتباط بلندمدت آثار تنوع کشت بر کاهش ریسک درآمدی کشاورزی در استان زنجان می‌باشد. برای این منظور در این مطالعه طی دوره‌های زمانی 1376 تا 1397 ابتدا از طریق شاخص هرفیندال، تنوع کشت در دوره‌های زمانی برآورد شد و در گام بعدی با استفاده از فیلتر هودریک پرس کات تخمین ریسک درآمدی صورت گرفت. در نهایت با استفاده از الگوهای تصحیح خطای برداری (VECM)  اثر بلندمدت تنوع کشت بر ریسک درآمدی برآورد گردید. باتوجه به نتایج الگوی بلندمدت مشخص است که در بلندمدت با فزایش در سطح تنوع کشت میزان نوسان درآمدی نیز کاهش خواهد یافت. این نتیجه در سطح یک درصد معنی‌دار بوده است. همچنین نتایج نشان داد که چنانچه در کوتاه مدت شوکی نوسان درآمدی کشاورزان در استان زنجان را تحت تأثیر خود قرار دهد، در بلندمدت حدود 4 دوره نیاز خواهد بود تا اثر شوک بطور کامل تعدیل شود. به عبارتی دیگر در هر دوره 25 درصد اثر شوک تعدیل خواهد شد. لذا همانگونه که نتایج ضرایب تصحیح خطا نیز نشان داد، بروز شوک‌های کوتاه‌مدت در درآمدهای کشاورزان، نیازمند نزدیک به چهار دوره زمان جهت تعدیل آثار منفی وارده خواهد بود و لذا سیاست‌گذار لازم است علاوه بر اینکه سیاست‌های حمایتی را در راستای تنوع بخشی به الگوهای کشت هدایت می‌کند، لازم است این سیاست‌ها را در جهت جلوگیری از بروز شوک‌های درآمدی تبیین نموده و در صورت بروز شوک نیز در دوره چهار ساله تعدیل شوک، سیاست‌های جبرانی نظیر ابزار بیمه‌ای را توسعه بخشد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


Extended Abstract

Introduction and objectives

Negligence towards risk management is tantamount to inattention to opportunities which can cut off the agricultural sector from development goals and paves the way for interrupted or ceased agricultural activities. Therefore, it is essential to consider risk management in the agriculture sector when developing policies and plans. The current study explores the long-term impact of crop diversity on reducing the agricultural income risk in the province of Zanjan within the timeframe of 1376 to 1397.

 

 

Research Method

As the first step, crop diversity was analyzed through the herfindhal index. Then to estimate the income risk, Hodrick-prescott filter was applied. The static variables were studied and the accumulation order was measured via VAR matched with variable vector since both variables are an accumulated model of the first order. 

 

Results and Findings

Relying on the difference between the Hodrick-prescott indicator and the resulted income and the income risk of five crops it was noted that the more negative a figure is, the higher the risk. Then the crop diversity index was estimated for all agricultural years which stood at 59%. This indicates that by cultivating five crops, significant positive impacts can be noted on each one’s performance.

Given the results of the reliability test and convergence test, VECM model was applied in this study. The long-term relation of the model shows that the impact of crop diversity on income risk was statistically significant at 1% and with every percent of increase in the crop diversity, the fluctuation level goes down by 25%.

In the meantime, the error correction coefficient indicates that if in the short term a sudden shock is inflicted on agricultural income, the impact of the shock is balanced out by 25% in each cycle. This means that four cycles are needed to completely balance out the shock.

 

Discussion and Conclusion

In the long-run there is a link between crop diversity and income risk. The diversity in the cultivation pattern has led to decreased income risk for farmers in Zanjan.

As the results of the error correction coefficient indicated the emergence of short-term shocks to farmers’ income calls for about four cycles to balance the negative impacts out. Thus it is on the policymakers to lead supportive policies in line with diversifying cultivation patterns as well as developing policies to prevent income shocks. In case of a shock they are required to balance it out in a four-year period and develop reparative policies such as insurance services.

Ashfaq, M., Hassan, S., Naseer, M.Z., Baig, I.A., & Asma, J. (2008), Factors affecting farm diversification in rice–wheat. Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Science, 45, 91–94.
Abay, F., Bjornstad, A., & Smale, M. (2009). Measuring on farm diversity and determinants of barley diversity in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. Momona Ethiopian Journal of Science, 1(2), 44–66.
Asante, B, O., Villano, R, A., Patrick, I, W. & Battese, G.E. (2017). Determinants of farm diversification in integrated crop–livestock farming systems in Ghana. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems, 1-19.
Abler Fraser, R., (1994). Land heterogeneity and the effectiveness of cap set-aside. Journal of Agricultural Economics, 47 (2).
Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center of Zanjan Province. (2011). Condition of Agriculture of the Province. From http://zanjan.areeo.ac.ir/.
Brush, S., B. Taylor, J.E. & Bellon, M.R. (1992). Technology adaption and biological diversity in Andean potato agriculture. Journal of Development Economics, 39, 2-8.
Benin, S., Smale, M., Gebremedhin, B., Pender,J.. And Ehui,S. (2004). Determinants of cereal crop diversity on farms in the Ethiopian Highlands. Agricultural Economics, 31, 197–208.
Ghahremanzadeh M., Golbaz M., Hayati B., & Dashti Gh (2014). The Effect of climate parameters on risk and yield of wheat and corn in Ghazvin Province. Journal of Agricultural Economics, 8(4):107-126. (In Farsi).
Geravandi., Sh & Ali Beigi, A. (201). Identify determinants of agricultural risk management: In Kermanshah country. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development Research. 42-2 (2), 255-264. (In Farsi).
Heisey, P.W., Samale, M., Byerlee, D., & Souza, E. (1997).Wheat rusts and the costs of genetic diversity in the Punjab of Pakistan. American Journal of Agricultural, 79.
Hodrick, R. & Prescott, E.C. (1997). Post-War US Business Cycles: An Empirical Investigation. Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, 29, 22-16.
Just, R.E., & Antle, J.M., (1990). Interaction between environmental and agricultural policies: a conceptual framework. American Economic Review, 80, 2-5.
Just, R.E., &  Bockstael, N, (1991). Commodity and Resource Policies in Agricultural Systems. Spinger Verlag, Berlin.
Khanal, A. R. & Mishra, A. K. (2017). Enhancing food security: Food crop portfolio choice in response to climatic risk in India. Global Food Security, 12, 22-30.
La France, J., (1992). Do increased commodity prices lead to more or less soil degradation, Australian Journal of Agricultural Economics 2,1.
Lewandrowski, J., Tobey, J., & Cook, Z., (1997). The interface between agricultural assistance and the environment: chemical fertilizer consumption and area expansion. Land Economics, 73, 3-10.
Mesfin, W., Fufa, B., & Haji, J. (2011). Pattern, trend and determinants of crop diversification: Empirical evidence from smallholders in Eastern Ethiopia. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, 2,78–89.
Meng, E.CH., (1997). Land Allocation Decisions and Insitu Conservation of crop Geneteic Resources: The Case of Wheat Landraces in Turkey. Agricultural and resources economics. University of California, Davis.
Ministry of Agriculture Jihad, (2017). Times Series Data Base, 2017. From http://Maj.ir/.
Mohammad Kani Golzari, F,. Askari, M,. Savari, M & Daneshvar Ameri, J. (2014). Analysis of Factors Affecting Production Risk Management in Orange Farmers in Jiroft. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development Research. 45 (1), 57-67. (In Farsi).
Neisi, M,. Bijani, M,. Abbasi, E & Mahmoudi, H. (2019). The Effect of Farmers' Time Perspective on Their Drought Risk Management Behavior in Downstream of Karkheh Dam. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development Research. 51-2 (1), 133-148. (In Farsi).
Rehima M., Belay K., Dawit A., & Rashid S. (2013). Factors Affecting Farmers’ Crops Diversification: Evidence from SNNPR, Ethiopia. International Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 3(8), 558-565.
Smale, M., Meng, E., Brennan, J.P., & Hu, R, (2003). Determinants of spatial diversity in modern wheat: examples from Australia and China. Agricultural Economics, 28-32.
Smale, M,. Hartell, J., Heisey, P.W., & Senauer, B., (1998). The contribution of genetic resources and diversity to heat production in the Punjab of Pakistan. American Journal of Agricultural, 80-82.
Smale, M., Bellon, M. & Aguirre, A.(2001). Maize diversity, variety attributes and farmers’ choices in Southeastern Guanajuato, Mexico. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 50(1), 201–225.
Tahamipuor M., & Salami H. (2014). Determination of same-risk areas of potatoes yield in terms of the risk of frost in Iran: the application of spatial econometric approach. Journal of Agricultural Economics, Special Issue: 55-67 (in Farsi)
Van Dusen, E., (2000). In situ Conservation of Crop Genetic Resources in the Mexican Milpa System. Agricultural and Resource Economics. University of California, Davis.
Wang Y.J., Huang J., & Wang, J.X. (2014). Household and community assets and farmers’ adaptation to extreme weather event: the case of drought in China. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 13, 687-697.
Widawsky, D., & Rozelle, S., (1998). Vertical diversity and yield variability in Chinese rice production. In: Smale, M. (ED), Farmers, gene banks, and crop breeding. Edited by M. Smale. Boston: Kluwer.