عوامل مؤثر بر رفتار سازگاری کشاورزان در برابر سیل (مطالعه موردی: شهرستان الیگودرز)

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه اقتصاد کشاورزی و توسعه روستایی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه لرستان، خرم آباد، ایران.

2 گروه اقتصاد کشاورزی و توسعه روستایی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه لرستان، خرم آباد، ایران

چکیده

سیلاب ها اثرات زیادی بر جنبه‌های زندگی خانوارهای روستایی، مخصوصاً خانوارهایی که معیشت آن‌ها وابسته به کشاورزی است، دارند. در جریان وقوع سیل، خسارت‌های اقتصادی و اجتماعی بسیاری به کشاورزان و معیشت آن ها وارد می‌شود. بنابراین برای کاهش خسارات و افزایش انعطاف پذیری کشاورزان نسبت به پیامدهای منفی سیل، اتخاذ استراتژی‌های سازگاری با سیل ضروری می باشد. آگاهی در مورد ادراکات، نگرش‌ها و رفتار کشاورزان نسبت به سیل می‌تواند آسیب‌پذیری آن‌ها را کاهش دهد و واکنش سازگاری آن‌ها را در برابر سیل افزایش دهد. بنابراین هدف این تحقیق بررسی عوامل مؤثر بر رفتار سازگاری کشاورزان نسبت به سیل با استفاده از تئوری انگیزش حفاظت بود. نمونه مورد مطالعه شامل 384 نفر از کشاورزان شهرستان الیگودرز بود که به روش نمونه گیری خوشه ای سه مرحله‌ای انتخاب شدند. نتیجه مدل سازی معادلات ساختاری نشان داد که متغیرهای حساسیت درک شده، شدت درک شده، هزینه های پاسخ، کارآمدی پاسخ وخودکارآمدی درک شده 38 درصد از تغییرات رفتار سازگاری کشاورزان در برابر سیل را تبیین کردند. همچنین متغیر خودکارآمدی درک شده با مقدار 31/0 بیشترین اثر را بر رفتار سازگاری کشاورزان در برابر سیل داشت. یافته‌های این مطالعه می تواند به سازمان های اجرایی همچون جهاد کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی کمک کند تا در رابطه با اطلاع رسانی و آموزش به کشاورزان در جهت سازگاری با سیل  اقدام کنند. 

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

Extended Abstract

Objectives

Iran is located in a disaster-prone region, and faces many natural disasters every year; from storms and floods to earthquakes. In recent years, Iran has faced a significant increase in the occurrence of disasters mainly due to the emergence of human climate changes (Seddighi and Seddighi, 2020). The increase in the frequency of floods has caused severe damage to society from financial, social, and physical aspects. Therefore, it is necessary to adopt flood adaptation strategies to reduce damages and increase the resilience of rural households against the negative consequences of floods. Adaptable behavior will allow farmers to reduce the costs of climate change and even invest in new opportunities. Identifying factors influencing farmers' adaptation behavior can help policymakers to intervene and address the future challenges of sustainable development and climate change. A clear understanding of the factors influencing farmers' decision-making is essential. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to investigate the factors influencing the adaptation behavior of farmers to floods in Aligudarz county.

Methods

The study used the descriptive survey design. The statistical population of this study included all farmers of Aligudarz Township (N=15925). The sample size using Cochran's formula was 384 people. A three-stage cluster sampling method was used to select the samples.A researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect data.  To measure the validity of the questionnaire, the opinions of expert panels in the fields of agricultural extension, rural development, and climatology were used to improve the questionnaire.To measure the validity of the questionnaire, the opinions of expert panels in the fields of agricultural extension, rural development and climate change were used, and their opinions were taken into account to improve the questionnaire. The reliability of the questionnaires was measured using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Data analysis was done in two sections of descriptive and inferential statistics using SPSS25 and Smart PLS3 software.

 

Results

The results of the farmers' adaptation behaviors ranking showed that the adaptation behaviors of "diversity in livelihood activities", "diversification of crops" and "agricultural products insurance" are ranked first based on the average. While the behavior of " changing in crop type and variety " ranks last with the lowest average. The results showed that the variables of perceived sensitivity, perceived severity, response costs, response efficiency, and perceived self-efficacy explain 0.38 of the variable changes in the adaptation behavior of farmers to floods. The results of the structural model showed that the variable of perceived self-efficacy with an influence coefficient of 0.31 has the greatest effect on the adaptation behavior of farmers. After that, the variables of response efficiency (β=0.30), perceived intensity (β=0.27), perceived sensitivity (β=0.25) and response costs (β=0.21) have an effect on farmers' adaptation behavior, respectively.

 

Discussion

The test of the first hypothesis showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between the perceived sensitivity of farmers and adaptive behavior. Perceived sensitivity means how much the farmer believes that he will suffer from the negative consequences of the flood. In other words, farmers who directly perceive the vulnerability of flood damage such as house destruction, damage to fields and gardens, loss of livestock, and loss of crops, are more likely to implement flood adaptation measures. This result was consistent with the findings of Delfiyan et al (2021) and Haden et al (2012). Also, according to the results of the second hypothesis test, there was a positive and significant relationship between farmers' perceived intensity and adaptive behavior. This finding was in line with the results of Savari Mombeni et al (2022) and Asrat & Simane (2018). Therefore, it can be said that the perceived severity of the danger is one of the psychological dimensions affecting adaptation behavior. Perceived severity refers to the negative consequences that a person associates with an event or outcome such as a flood. If farmers understand the harm caused by floods such as damage to the farm, destruction of property and assets, loss of livestock, and health problems, they are more likely to show adaptive behaviors. Finally, according to the results of the hypothesis test, there was a positive and significant relationship between response self-efficacy and farmers' adaptive behavior. This finding was in line with the research results of Arbuckle et al (2013) and Ghanian et al (2020).

مراجع

اسدی، علی، جمشیدی، امید، کلانتری، خلیل (196). سازوکارهای سازگاری با تغییر اقلیم کشاورزان خرده‏ پای استان همدان، علوم ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی ایران، 13 (2)، 130-109.
آزادی، یوسف، جعفری، یعقوب، قلی زاده، حیدر، غلامرضایی، سعید، فیض آبادی، فاطمه، (1402)، عوامل مؤثر بر رفتار سازگاری کشاورزان استان کرمانشاه تحت شرایط کم‌آبی: نقش ادراک خطر و خودکارآمدی در نظریه رفتار برنامه‌ریزی شده، جغرافیا و مخاطرات محیطی، انتشار آنلاین از تاریخ 28 خرداد 1402
آزادی، یوسف، یزدان پناه، مسعود، (1397)، بررسی عوامل تأثیرگذار بر رفتار کشاورزان گندم‌کار شهرستان کرمانشاه نسبت به سازگاری با تغییرات آب‌وهوایی، جغرافیا و پایداری محیط، 8 (4)، صص 44-27.
پاکمهر، صدیقه، یزدان پناه، مسعود، برادران، مسعود، (1400)، تبیین رفتار کشاورزان در رویارویی با مسئلۀ کم‌آبی، جامعه شناسی کاربردی، 32 (3)، صص 154-135.
جمشیدی، علیرضا، نوری، هدایت اله، ابراهیمی، محمدصادق، (1394)، درک رفتار سازگاری کشاورزان در برابر تغییرات اقلیمی: مطالعه موردی مناطق روستایی شهرستان چرداول، استان ایلام، فصلنامه روستا و توسعه، 18 (2)، صص 88-65.
خورسندی، محبوبه (1395). سنجش سازه های تئوری انگیزش محافظت در رفتارهای پیشگیری کننده از سرطان پوست در زنان روستایی، مجله علمی دانشکده پرستاری و مامایی همدان، 24 (4)، 236-229.
دهقانپور، مجتبی، یزدان پناه، مسعود، فروزانی، معصومه، عبداله زاده، غلامحسین (1399). ارزشیابی و اولویت‌بندی سیاست‌‌های سازگاری کشاورزی با تغییرات اقلیم در استان فارس، مجله تحقیقات اقتصاد و توسعه کشاورزی ایران، 51 (4)، 777-795.
رحمانی، صادق، یزدان پناه، مسعود، بررسی باورهاو راهبردهای سازگاری کشاورزان با شرایط کمبود آب و عوامل موثربر آنها در شهرستان ممسنی، پژوهش آب در کشاورزی، 32 (2)، صص 340-322.
رهایی، زهره، غفرانی پور، فصل اله، مروتی شریف آباد، محمدعلی، محمدی، عیسی (1393). خصوصیات روان سنجی پرسشنامه نظریه انگیزش محافظت در زمینه کشف زودرس علایم سرطان، 12 (3)، 79-69.
سواری مومبنی، آمنه، یزدان پناه، مسعود، سواری، مسلم (1401). تبیین رفتار سازگاری کشاورزان با تغییرات آب‌و‌هوایی: تحلیل جنسیتی با استفاده از مدل توسعه‌یافته انگیزش حفاظت، پژوهش های روستایی، 13 (2)، 245-226.
سواری، آمنه، یزدان پناه، مسعود، سواری، مسلم، (1401)، بیین رفتار سازگاری کشاورزان با تغییرات آب‌و‌هوایی: تحلیل جنسیتی با استفاده از مدل توسعه‌یافته انگیزش حفاظت، فصلنامه پژوهش های روستایی، 13 (2)، صص 245-226.
شریعت زاده، مریم، بیژنی، مسعود، مرید، سعید، (1402). رفتار سازگاری کشاورزان شهرستان خوی در برابر تغییرات اقلیمی، فصلنامه علوم محیطی، 21  (2).  
فتح اله زاده، نسرین، رحیمی، علی (1400). تحلیلی بر علل آبگرفتگی و پیامدهای بهداشتی و زیست محیطی آن (مطالعه موردی: محله اسلام آباد ارومیه)، جغزافیا و روابط انسانی،  4 (1)، صص 278-263.
قمبرعلی، رضوان، پاپ زن، عبدالحمید، افشارزاده، نشمیل (1391). بررسی دیدگاه کشاورزان در خصوص تغییرات آب وهوا و استراتژی های سازگاری (مطالعه موردی: شهرستان کرمانشاه)، پژوهش های روستایی، 3(11)، 207-187.
قنبری موحد، رضوان، احمدی، سمیه، غلامرضایی، سعید، رحیمیان، مهدی (1400)، ارزیابی آسیب پذیری کشاورزان در برابر وقوع سیل (روستاهای حوزه آبخیز افرینه، استان لرستان)، مجله تحقیقات اقتصاد و توسعه کشاورزی ایران، انتشار آنلاین.
یزدان پناه، مسعود، فروزانی، معصومه، زبیدی، طاهره، (1396). تعیین عوامل موثر بر رفتار سازگاری کشاورزان در مقابله با تغییرات آب و هوایی: مورد مطالعه شهرستان باوی خوزستان، مجله تحقیقات اقتصاد و توسعه کشاورزی ایران، 48(1)، 147-137.
 
Abdul-Razak, M., & Kruse, S. (2017). The adaptive capacity of smallholder farmers to climate change in the Northern Region of Ghana. Climate Risk Management, 17, 104-122.
Abdur Rashid Sarker, M., Alam, K., & Gow, J. (2013). Assessing the determinants of rice farmers' adaptation strategies to climate change in Bangladesh. International Journal of climate change strategies and Management, 5(4), 382-403.
Acquah, H. D. G. (2012). Estimating the effect of climatic variables and crop area on maize yield in Ghana. Journal of Social and Development Sciences, 3(9), 313-321.
Ahmed, A. (2022). Autonomous adaptation to flooding by farmers in Pakistan. Climate change and community resilience: Insights from South Asia, 101-112.
Ahmed, S., & Fatema, N. (2023). Factors and practices: farmers' adaptation to climate change in Bangladesh. Journal of Water and Climate Change, 14(1), 123-141.
Akinyi, D. P., Karanja Ng’ang’a, S., & Girvetz, E. H. (2021). Trade-offs and synergies of climate change adaptation strategies among smallholder farmers in sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review. Regional Sustainability, 2(2), 130-143.
Alam, K. (2015). Farmers’ adaptation to water scarcity in drought-prone environments: A case study of Rajshahi District, Bangladesh. Agricultural Water Management, 148, 196-206.
Alhassan, H. (2020). Farm households' flood adaptation practices, resilience and food security in the Upper East region, Ghana. Heliyon, 6(6), e04167.
Alhassan, H. (2020). Farm households' flood adaptation practices, resilience and food security in the Upper East region, Ghana. Heliyon, 6(6).
Arbuckle, J. G., Morton, L. W., & Hobbs, J. (2013). Farmer beliefs and concerns about climate change and attitudes toward adaptation and mitigation: Evidence from Iowa. climatic change, 118, 551-563.
Asrat, P., & Simane, B. (2018). Farmers’ perception of climate change and adaptation strategies in the Dabus watershed, North-West Ethiopia. Ecological processes, 7(1), 1-13.
Atinkut, B., and Mebrat, A. (2016). Determinants of farmers choice of adaptation to climate variability in Dera woreda, south Gondar zone, Ethiopia. Environmental Systems Research, 5(1), 1-8.
Babcicky, P., & Seebauer, S. (2019). Unpacking Protection Motivation Theory: evidence for a separate protective and non-protective route in private flood mitigation behavior. Journal of Risk Research, 22(12), 1503-1521.
Bagagnan, A. R., Ouedraogo, I., M. Fonta, W., Sowe, M., & Wallis, A. (2019). Can protection motivation theory explain farmers’ adaptation to climate change decision making in The Gambia?. Climate, 7(1), 13.
Bubeck, P., Wouter Botzen, W. J., Laudan, J., Aerts, J. C., & Thieken, A. H. (2018). Insights into flood‐coping appraisals of protection motivation theory: Empirical evidence from Germany and France. Risk Analysis, 38(6), 1239-1257
Bubeck, P., Wouter Botzen, W. J., Laudan, J., Aerts, J. C., & Thieken, A. H. (2018). Insights into flood‐coping appraisals of protection motivation theory: Empirical evidence from Germany and France. Risk analysis, 38(6), 1239-1257.
Catalano, M., Forni, L., & Pezzolla, E. (2020). Fiscal tools to reduce transition costs of climate change mitigation. Università degli studi di Padova, dSEA.
Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED). 2021 Disasters in numbers. Brussels: CRED; 2022. This document is available at: https://cred.be/sites/default/files/2021_EMDAT_report.pdf
Chou, H. L., and Chou, C. (2016). An analysis of multiple factors relating to teachers' problematic information security behavior. Computers in Human Behavior, 65, 334-345.
Datta, P., & Behera, B. (2022). Climate change and Indian agriculture: A systematic review of farmers’ perception, adaptation, and transformation. Environmental Challenges, 100543.
Davis, R., Campbell, R., Hildon, Z., Hobbs, L., & Michie, S. (2015). Theories of behaviour and behaviour change across the social and behavioural sciences: a scoping review. Health psychology review, 9(3), 323-344.
Dehghanpour, M., Yazdanpanah, M., Forouzani, M., & Abdollahzadeh, G. (2020). Evaluation and Prioritization of Agricultural Adaptation Policies to climate change in Fars Province. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development Research, 51(4), 777-795.
Delfiyan, F., Yazdanpanah, M., Forouzani, M., & Yaghoubi, J. (2021). Farmers' adaptation to drought risk through farm–level decisions: the case of farmers in Dehloran county, Southwest of Iran. Climate and Development, 13(2), 152-163.
Dottori, F., Mentaschi, L., Bianchi, A., Alfieri, L., & Feyen, L. (2020). Adapting to rising river flood risk in the EU under climate change. Joint Research Centre (JRC).
Eggers, M., Kayser, M., and Isselstein, J. (2015). Grassland farmers’ attitudes toward climate change in the North German Plain. Regional Environmental Change, 15(4), 607-617.
Esfandiari, M., Khalilabad, H. R. M., Boshrabadi, H. M., & Mehrjerdi, M. R. Z. (2020). Factors influencing the use of adaptation strategies to climate change in paddy lands of Kamfiruz, Iran. Land Use Policy, 95, 104628.
Eze, J. N., Vogel, C., & Ibrahim, P. A. (2018). Assessment of social vulnerability of households to floods in Niger State, Nigeria. International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences, 84, 22-34.
Faruk, M. O., & Maharjan, K. L. (2022). Factors Affecting Farmers’ Adoption of Flood Adaptation Strategies Using Structural Equation Modeling. Water, 14(19), 3080.
Faruk, M. O., & Maharjan, K. L. (2022). Factors Affecting Farmers’ Adoption of Flood Adaptation Strategies Using Structural Equation Modeling. Water, 14(19), 3080.
Field, C. B., Barros, V., Stocker, T. F., & Dahe, Q. (Eds.). (2012). Managing the risks of extreme events and disasters to advance climate change adaptation: special report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. Cambridge University Press.
Gebrehiwot, T., & van der Veen, A. (2021). Farmers’ drought experience, risk perceptions, and behavioural intentions for adaptation: evidence from Ethiopia. Climate and Development, 13(6), 493-502.
Ghambarali, R., Papzan, A., & Afsharzadeh, N. (2012). Analysis of farmers 'perception of climate changes and adaption strategies. Journal of Rural Research, 3 (3), 187-207. (In Persian)
Ghanbari Movahed, R., Ahmadi, S., Gholamrezai, S. (2021). Assessing the vulnerability of farmers against floods (villages of the Efrine watershed, Lorestan province), Iranian Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development Research, Article in Press, Available Online from 15 June 2021.
Ghanian, M., Ghoochani, O. M., Dehghanpour, M., Taqipour, M., Taheri, F., & Cotton, M. (2020). Understanding farmers’ climate adaptation intention in Iran: A protection-motivation extended model. Land Use Policy, 94, 104553.
Ghanian, M., M Ghoochani, O., & Mohammadzadeh, L. (2021). Investigating the affecting factors on farmers’ adaptation intention towards climate change in Marvdasht Township: The combination of Protection Motivation and Cultural theories. Geography and Planning, 25(77), 185-203. (In Persian)
Haden, V. R., Niles, M. T., Lubell, M., Perlman, J., and Jackson, L. E. (2012). Global and local concerns: what attitudes and beliefs motivate farmers to mitigate and adapt to climate change?. Plos one, 7(12), e52882.
Hanger-Kopp, S. (2021). Drivers of farmers’ adaptive behavior in managing drought risks: A literature review focusing on North-America, Europe, and Australia.
Hayati, D., Yazdanpanah, M., & Karbalaee, F. (2010). Coping with drought: The case of poor farmers of south Iran. Psychology and Developing Societies, 22(2), 361-383.
Hudson, P., Hagedoorn, L., & Bubeck, P. (2020). Potential linkages between social capital, flood risk perceptions, and self-efficacy. International Journal of Disaster Risk Science, 11(3), 251-262.
Jamshidi, O., Asadi, A., & Kalantari, K. (2018). Climate change adaptation strategies for smallholder farmers of Hamedan province. Iranian Agricultural Extension and Education Journal, 13(2). (In Persian)
Jianjun, J., Yiwei, G., Xiaomin, W., & Nam, P. K. (2015). Farmers’ risk preferences and their climate change adaptation strategies in the Yongqiao District, China. Land Use Policy, 47, 365-372.
Kaji, N., Paton, D., Lassa, A. J., & Zander, K. K. (2020). Assessing farmers’ preparedness to cope with the impacts of multiple climate change-related hazards in the Terai lowlands of Nepal. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 49, 101656.
Karimi, V., Karami, E., & Keshavarz, M. (2018). Climate change and agriculture: Impacts and adaptive responses in Iran. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 17(1), 1-15.
Khorsandi, M. (2016). The assessment of the protection motivation theory construct of skin cancer preventive behaviors in rural women. Avicenna Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Care, 24(4), 229-237. (In Persian)
Kothe, E. J., Ling, M., North, M., Klas, A., Mullan, B. A., & Novoradovskaya, L. (2019). Protection motivation theory and pro‐environmental behaviour: A systematic mapping review. Australian Journal of Psychology, 71(4), 411-432.
Le Dang, H., Li, E., Nuberg, I., & Bruwer, J. (2014). Farmers’ assessments of private adaptive measures to climate change and influential factors: a study in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. Natural hazards, 71, 385-401.
Lenton, T. M. (2011). Early warning of climate tipping points. Nature climate change, 1(4), 201-209.
Luu, T. A., Nguyen, A. T., Trinh, Q. A., Pham, V. T., Le, B. B., Nguyen, D. T., ... & Hens, L. (2019). Farmers’ intention to climate change adaptation in agriculture in the Red River Delta Biosphere Reserve (Vietnam): a combination of Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) and Protection Motivation Theory (PMT). Sustainability, 11(10), 2993.
Mah, A. Y., Chapman, D. A., Markowitz, E. M., & Lickel, B. (2020). Coping with climate change: Three insights for research, intervention, and communication to promote adaptive coping to climate change. Journal of anxiety disorders, 75, 102282.
Malhi, G. S., Kaur, M., & Kaushik, P. (2021). Impact of climate change on agriculture and its mitigation strategies: A review. Sustainability, 13(3), 1318.
Marie, M., Yirga, F., Haile, M., & Tquabo, F. (2020). Farmers' choices and factors affecting adoption of climate change adaptation strategies: evidence from northwestern Ethiopia. Heliyon, 6(4), e03867
McCarthy, M. P., Best, M. J., & Betts, R. A. (2010). Climate change in cities due to global warming and urban effects. Geophysical research letters, 37(9).
Mustafa, G., Alotaibi, B. A., & Nayak, R. K. (2023). Linking Climate Change Awareness, Climate Change Perceptions and Subsequent Adaptation Options among Farmers. Agronomy, 13(3), 758.
Mwinkom, F. X., Damnyag, L., Abugre, S., & Alhassan, S. I. (2021). Factors influencing climate change adaptation strategies in North-Western Ghana: Evidence of farmers in the Black Volta Basin in Upper West region. SN Applied Sciences, 3, 1-20.
Nabara, I. S., Man, N., Kamarulzaman, N. H., & Sulaiman, Z. (2021). Smallholder oil palm farmers’ pro-adaptation behaviour under climate impact scenario: application of protection Motivation Theory. Climate and development, 13(6), 475-483.
Owusu, P. A., Asumadu-Sarkodie, S., & Ameyo, P. (2016). A review of Ghana’s water resource management and the future prospect. Cogent Engineering, 3(1), 1164275.
Padhan, N., & Madheswaran, S. (2022). Determinants of farm-level adaptation strategies to flood: insights from a farm household-level survey in coastal districts of Odisha. Water Policy, 24(2), 450-469.
Parry, M., Evans, A., Rosegrant, M. W., & Wheeler, T. (2009). Climate change and hunger: responding to the challenge. Intl Food Policy Res Inst.4.
Pathak, S. (2021). Determinants of flood adaptation: Parametric and semiparametric assessment. Journal of Flood Risk Management, 14(2), e12699.
Prentice-Dunn, S., Mcmath, B. F., & Cramer, R. J. (2009). Protection motivation theory and stages of change in sun protective behavior. Journal of Health Psychology, 14(2), 297-305.
Rahaei, Z., Ghofranipour, F., Morowatisharifabad, M. A., & Mohammadi, E. (2014). Psychometric properties of a protection motivation theory questionnaire used for cancer early detection. Journal of School of Public Health & Institute of Public Health Research, 12(3). (In Persian)
Raj, S., Roodbar, S., Brinkley, C., & Wolfe, D. W. (2022). Food Security and climate change: Differences in impacts and adaptation strategies for rural communities in the Global South and North. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 5.
Regasa, D. T., & Akirso, N. A. (2019). Determinants of climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies: An application of protection motivation theory. Rural Sustainability Research, 42(337), 9-25.
Rejesus, R. M., Mutuc-Hensley, M., Mitchell, P. D., Coble, K. H., and Knight, T. O. (2013). US agricultural producer perceptions of climate change. Journal of agricultural and applied economics, 45(04), 701-718.
Riahi, V., Toulabi Nejad, M., & Toulabi Nejad, M. (2020). Investigating the Factors Affecting Emergency evacuation against the risk of floods in mountainous Rural (Case Study: Poledokhtar township). Human Geography Research, 52(2), 401-418.
Safari, A., De Smedt, F., & Moreda, F. (2012). WetSpa model application in the distributed model intercomparison project (DMIP2). Journal of Hydrology, 418, 78-89.
Sahrayi, F., M Ghoochani, O., Ghorbani, A., Rezvanfar, A., & Ghanian, M. (2019). Determining the Farmers Adaptation Intention towards Dust-Haze; Extended Model of Protection Motivation Theory (PMT). Agricultural Extension and Education Research, 12(3), 15-24.
Savari Mombeni, A., Yazdanpanah, M., & Savari, M. (2022). Explanation of the Farmers' Adaptation to Climate Change Behavior: Gender Analysis Using an Extended Model of Protection Motivation. Journal of Rural Research, 13(2), 226-245. (In Persian)
Seddighi, H., & Seddighi, S. (2020). How much the Iranian government spent on disasters in the last 100 years? A critical policy analysis. Cost effectiveness and resource allocation, 18(1), 1-11.
Taruvinga, A., Visser, M., & Zhou, L. (2016). Determinants of rural farmers' adoption of climate change adaptation strategies: evidence from the Amathole district municipality, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. International Journal of Environmental Science and Development, 7(9), 687-692.
Tasantab, J. C., Gajendran, T., & Maund, K. (2022). Expanding protection motivation theory: The role of coping experience in flood risk adaptation intentions in informal settlements. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 76, 103020.
Tessema, Y. A., Joerin, J., & Patt, A. (2018). Factors affecting smallholder farmers’ adaptation to climate change through non-technological adjustments. Environmental Development, 25, 33-42.
Truelove, H. B., Carrico, A. R., and Thabrew, L. (2015). A socio-psychological model for analyzing climate change adaptation: A case study of Sri Lankan paddy farmers. Global Environmental Change, 31, 85-97.
Tume, S. J. P., Kimengsi, J. N., & Fogwe, Z. N. (2019). Indigenous knowledge and farmer perceptions of climate and ecological changes in the Bamenda Highlands of Cameroon: Insights from the Bui Plateau. Climate, 7(12), 138.
Twerefou, D. K., Adu-Danso, E., Abbey, E., & Dovie, B. D. (2019). Choice of household adaptation strategies to flood risk management in Accra, Ghana. City and Environment Interactions, 3, 100023.
Uddin, M. N., Bokelmann, W., and Entsminger, J. S. (2014). Factors Affecting Farmers’ Adaptation Strategies to Environmental Degradation and Climate Change Effects: A Farm Level Study in Bangladesh. Climate, 2(4), 223-241.
Wang, H., Liu, H., & Wang, D. (2022). Agricultural Insurance, Climate Change, and Food Security: Evidence from Chinese Farmers. Sustainability, 14(15), 9493.
Wheeler, T., & Von Braun, J. (2013). Climate change impacts on global food security. Science, 341(6145), 508-513.
Yazdanpanah, M., Forouzani, M., Zobeidi, T. (2017). Determinate of the factors influencing on farmers' adaptation behaviors in dealing with climate change and global warming: a case study in Bavi township, Khouzestan. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development Research, 48(1), 137-147.
Yorose, W. A. (2019). Flooding and livelihood adaptation strategies of farmers in Builsa South and Talensi districts in the Upper East Region (Doctoral dissertation, University of Cape Coast).
تحقیقات اقتصاد و توسعه کشاورزی ایران
دوره 55، شماره 2
تیر 1403
صفحه 309-330

فایل ها

هم رسانی

ارجاع به این مقاله

آمار