Indicators of water, food and energy security Nexus approach in agriculture: Application of content analysis

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Department of Agricultural Extension and Education, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran

2 Department of Water Engineering and Management, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.

3 Department of Agricultural Extension and Education, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.

Abstract

The approach of water, food and energy nexus is a comprehensive view of sustainability; and agriculture plays a key role in the use of these resources and food security. Considering that the identification of the indicators of the water, food and energy security nexus in the agricultural sector is the main criterion for checking the status of the deployment of these resources in order to establish security in the agricultural sector. The gap in this field has caused this article to compile and evaluate the indicators of the approach of water, food and energy security nexus in the agricultural sector. To achieve this goal, the method of qualitative content analysis was used, using MAXQDA 18 software and manual analysis. The research sample included 228 articles related to the research topic, which were published in national and international journals during the years 2007-2022. The findings showed; Water, food, and energy security have eight, fourteen, and ten indicators, respectively, which were categorized into four categories: access, availability, usability, and sustainability. According to the findings, we conclude that these indicators include the dimensions of sustainable development, including economic, social and environmental dimensions, and are interdependent. Therefore, these indicators are a comprehensive tool to measure the approach of water, food and energy nexus in the direction of sustainable development.

Keywords

Main Subjects

Extended Abstract

Objectives

    Sustainable development and poverty eradication is achieved by better management of the world's ecosystems and conscious and optimal use of water, land and other natural resources. In this regard, the approach of water, food and energy nexus, means examining the relationships and interactions between these three resources and managing their use. Most of the emphasis will be on water, energy and food supply in the agricultural sector, because food is so vital, in addition to the fact that the agricultural sector is a major consumer of fresh water, so strategies for achieving sustainable agriculture must be considered. Agricultural security is closely related to water, food and energy issues and are an integral part of this connection due to the necessity of these resources. In this regard, the present study aimed to investigate the components of security in the three areas of water, food and energy in the agricultural sector.

Research Method: To achieve this goal content analysis of existing documents and resources in relation to water, food and energy security in order to extract the indicators for measuring the status of these resources is necessary. So in this study, the qualitative content analysis method of Gal et al was used. Which was done in three stages of basic, axial and class coding. In this method, the content of documents and resources was analyzed and the desired dimensions and indicators were categorized in the form of codes. The research sample included 228 articles related to the research topic, which were published in national and international journals during the years 2007-2022.

 

Results

 In the basic coding stage, water security with 7 dimensions, food security with 7 dimensions and energy security with 13 dimensions were measured. In the axial coding stage, the dimensions were classified into four main dimensions of accessibility, availability, utilization and stability according to their meaning, concept and themes. At this stage, access is most important to measure the security of water, food and energy. In the third stage, non-agricultural indicators were removed and finally 8, 11 and 10 indicators were extracted to measure water, food and energy security nexus in the agricultural sector, respectively. The first important dimension in measuring this security nexus was the access dimension. One of the important indicators in measuring the "access" component was emphasized on checking the appropriateness of the price of resources and the amount of costs that are spent on the consumption and use of that resource. In measuring the "availability" dimension, one of the most important components was the availability of water, food and energy resources for use. The third dimension that was considered in the discussion of resource security was "utilization". In this dimension, the evaluation of health, safety and resource acceptance for the consumer was identified as very important. This index can be checked using quantitative and qualitative data and compliance with existing safety standards. The fourth dimension was "stability", This dimension is very important for examining the degree of diversity in the methods of use and sustainability of the use of different types of resources, for example: in the energy sector, the use of renewable energy sources; in the water sector, the use of diverse water resources; and in the food sector, the production of various products were considered in the stability assessment.

 

Conclusion

Due to the importance of paying attention to water, food and energy resources in the agricultural sector and the lack of comprehensive tools to measure these three sources and the nexus between security of them, in this study, water, food and energy security indicators in agriculture sector were identified and extracted. The results of in-depth content analysis in this study and finally the aggregation of indicators for measuring the nexus between water, food and energy security showed that the most important dimension was access to water, food and energy resources. These four dimensions include economic, social and environmental components, so it is a comprehensive and complete tool for measuring the nexus between water, food and energy security. Since these indicators have been identified to measure the security of these resources at the agricultural sector, it is suggested that by localizing these indicators to measure the security of water, food and energy resources at the farm level; either quantitatively or qualitatively; the security situation of these resources at the farm level be checked and observed. This will have a significant impact on improving the performance of the agricultural sector at the national level and achieving the goals of sustainability at the international level.

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Iranian Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development Research
Volume 54, Issue 1
March 2023
Pages 261-291

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