تبیین مؤلفه‌های اثرگذار بر ارزش افزوده بخش کشاورزی در ایران

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه علوم اقتصادی، دانشکده علوم انسانی، دانشگاه زنجان ، زنجان، ایران

2 گروه ترویج، ارتباطات و توسعه روستایی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه زنجان ، زنجان، ایران.

3 گروه اقتصاد کشاورزی، دانشکده اقتصاد و توسعه کشاورزی، دانشگاه تهران، کرج، ایران

چکیده

بخش کشاورزی در ایران همچون سایر کشورهای در حال توسعه از چند جهت حائز اهمیت است. این بخش سهم قابل توجهی از اقتصاد کشور را به خود اختصاص می‌دهد و سهم به مراتب بیشتری از اشتغال نیروی کار را بر دوش می‌کشد. از این رو، ارزش افزوده و رفاه ایجادشده به ازای هر نفر نیروی کار در این بخش از سایر بخش‌ها کمتر است. در این راستا، لازم است قدرت تولید و خلق ارزش افزوده خود را ارتقا دهد. در پژوهش حاضر تلاش می‌شود میزان اثرگذاری عوامل مختلف بر ارزش افزوده بخش کشاورزی طی دوره 96-1346 با استفاده روش تابع تولید و الگوی ARDL سنجیده شود. نتایج نشان داد در بلندمدت به ازای یک درصد افزایش در متغیرهای سرمایه فیزیکی، منابع طبیعی، سرمایه انسانی و دانش و فناوری به ترتیب ارزش افزوده بخش کشاورزی 44/0، 2/0، 75/0 و 12/0 درصد افزایش خواهد یافت. با توجه به روند کاهنده افزایش موجودی سرمایه می‌بایست سیاست‌های لازم برای رشد سرمایه‌گذاری اتخاذ شود. این سرمایه‌گذاری باید مبتنی بر دانش و فناوری روز بوده و همراه با ارتقای سرمایه انسانی تعقیب باشد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


Extended Abstract

Objectives

The agricultural sector in Iran, like other developing countries, is vital in several ways. In Iran, this sector has five sub-sectors of agriculture, animal husbandry and hunting, forestry, fishing, and agricultural services. It accounts for a significant share of the country's economy and accounts for a larger share of labor employment. This means it doesn’t produce proper value-added per worker. So, producers in the agricultural sector reach lower income and welfare than other sectors. In this regard, it is necessary to upgrade the sector's production capacity and to enhance value-added. In the present study, the effect of production factors on the value-added of the agricultural sector has been measured.

 

Methods

    The study uses a standard classic production function to investigate the impact of factors, including labor, physical capital, human capital, natural resources, and knowledge and technology, on the value-added of the agricultural sector. For this purpose, the variable of net capital stock of the agricultural sector was considered as an indicator for physical capital. The literacy rate in the rural areas was used as an indicator for human capital. Also, the rainfall data was used as a proxy for natural resources. Finally, research and development expenditure in the agricultural sector was selected as a proxy for knowledge and technology. The Cobb-Douglas functional form was estimated using the ARDL as an econometric approach (Autoregressive Distributed Lag Model). The data of the variables used in this study were collected from the National Planning and Budget Organization, the Central Bank of the Islamic Republic of Iran, and the Meteorological Organization for the years 1967-2017. The econometric model was estimated by Eviews 10, and Microfit 5.5 softwares.

 

Results

   The results of estimating the ARDL model in the short-term showed that value-added with one lag, physical capital with two lag, natural resources, human capital, and knowledge and technology have a positive and significant effect on value-added of the agricultural sector; while, labor, statistically, doesn’t have any significant impact on the value-added of the agricultural sector. Based on the results of estimating the ARDL model, in the long run, a one percent increase in the indicator of the human capital will increase the value-added of the agricultural sector by 0.75 percent, which equals more than 898 billion rials (constant 2014 IRR). One percent increase in the indicator of the natural resources increases the value-added of the sector by 0.2 percent. In fact, by a one-millimeter increase in the rainfall, agricultural value-added will be increased by more than 62 billion rials (constant 2014 IRR). Also, a one percent increase in the physical capital leads to a 0.44 percent increase in the value-added of the agricultural sector. This means by one billion rials increase in the average physical capital, the value-added of the agricultural sector will be increased by 249 million rials (constant 2014 IRR). One percent increase in the indicator for knowledge and technology will increase the value-added of the agricultural sector by 0.12 percent. In other words, by a one billion rials increase in R&D expenditures in the sector, the value-added of the agricultural sector will be increased by more than 1.4 billion rials (constant 2014 IRR).  Moreover, the results indicate that two dummy variables, revolution and war (1978-88) and drought (2008-2017), have a negative and significant impact on the value-added of the agricultural sector. Finally, by estimating Error Correction Model (ECM), its coefficient shows the speed of converging to equilibrium. The result indicates that the coefficient of the ECM (-1) is -0.60. It is appropriately signed, which means that all the variables are valid that is giving validity that the entire variables have a long-run equilibrium relationship. The negative sign further indicates that the adjustment portrays the direction to restore the long-run relationship. The magnitude of the ECM (-1) coefficient suggests that the speed of adjustment is relatively high. In fact, any deviation in equilibrium will adjust in less than two years.

 

Discussion

    According to the main purpose of the study, to investigate the impact of production factors on the value-added of the agricultural sector, the results showed that the variables of physical capital, human capital, natural resources, and knowledge and technology in the short-run and long-run have a positive and significant effect on the value-added of Iran’s agricultural sector. Due to the declining trend of increase in physical capital, proper policies should be adopted to enhance investment. The agricultural sector needs sufficient physical capital, based on proper knowledge and technology, and skilled and educated workers.

Abili, KH., Mazari, E., Khabare, K., & Maleki, M. (2015). Explanation Role of Employeesʼshuman Capital of higher Education Centersontheir Tendency Toorganizational innovation (Case: University of Birjand). Journal of New Approaches in Educational Administration, 6(21), 63-84. (In Persian)
Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (2019). Unpublished row data. http://www.areeo.ac.ir/fa-IR/AREEO/1/page/%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%AD%D9%87-%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%84%DB%8C
Azadi, H., Ghanian, M., Ghoochani, O. M., Rafiaani, P., Taning, C. N., Hajivand, R. Y., & Dogot, T. (2015). Genetically modified crops: towards agricultural growth, agricultural development, or agricultural sustainability?. Food Reviews International, 31(3), 195-221.
Bachewe, F.N., Berhane, G., Minten, B., & Taffesse, A.S. (2018). Agricultural transformation in Africa? Assessing the evidence in Ethiopia. World Development, 105, 286-298.
Bahmani-Oskooee, M., Miteza, I., & Tanku, A. (2020). Exchange rate changes and money demand in Albania: a nonlinear ARDL analysis. Economic Change and Restructuring, 53(4), 619-633.
Bashir, A., & Susetyo, D. (2018). The relationship between economic growth, human capital, and agriculture sector: Empirical evidence from Indonesia. International Journal of Food and Agricultural Economics (IJFAEC), 6(1128-2019-554), 35-52.
Batabyal, A.A., Kourtit, K., & Nijkamp, P. (2019). New technological knowledge, rural and urban agriculture, and steady state economic growth. Networks and Spatial Economics, 19(3), 717-729.
Batten, J.A., & Vo, X.V. (2009). An analysis of the relationship between foreign direct investment and economic growth. Applied Economics, 41(13), 1621-1641.
Becker, G.S. (2009), Human capital: A theoretical and empirical analysis, with special reference to education, (3th ed). Chicago: University of Chicago press. Inc., US.
Bravo-Ortega, C., & De Gregorio, J. (2007). The relative richness of the poor? Natural resources, human capital, and economic growth. Lederman and Maloney, 139, 71-103.
Central Bank of the Islamic Republic of Iran (2019). Economis Time Series Database. Retrieved from: https://tsd.cbi.ir/
Chandia, K.E., Iqbal, M.B., Aziz, S., Gul, I., & Sarwar, B. (2018). An analysis of the management of fiscal deficit of Pakistan: An econometric study of auto-regressive distributive lags (ARDL) approach. The Singapore Economic Review, 28, 1-30.
Dürr, J. (2017). Agricultural growth linkages in Guatemala: New insights from a value chain approach. The Journal of Development Studies, 53(8), 1223-1237.
Eid, H.M., El-Marsafawy, S.M., & Ouda, S. A. (2007). Assessing the economic impacts of climate change on agriculture in Egypt: a Ricardian approach. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, 4293, 1-33.
Fitzsimons, P. (2017). Human Capital Theory and Education. In M.A. Peters (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Educational Philosophy and Theory (pp. 1050-1053). Singapore: Springer Singapore.
Fleisher, B., Li, H., & Zhao, M.Q. (2010). Human capital, economic growth, and regional inequality in China. Journal of development economics, 92(2), 215-231.
Goldin, C. (2016). Human capital. In C. Diebolt, & M. Haupert (Eds.), Handbook of Cliometrics (pp. 55-86). Berlin: Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
IRAN Meteorological Organization (2019). Unpublished row data. https://www.irimo.ir/far/index.php
Kadir, K., & Amalia, R.R. (2016). Economic growth and poverty reduction: the role of the agricultural sector in rural Indonesia. Seventh International Conference on Agricultural Statistics, 26-28 October 2016: the Italian National Institute of Statistics, in close collaboration with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN (FAO), Rome, Italy, pp 1-9.
Kim, Y.K., & Lee, K. (2015). Different Impacts of Scientific and Technological Knowledge on Economic Growth: Contrasting Science and Technology Policy in East Asia and L atin America. Asian Economic Policy Review, 10(1), 43-66.
Mankiw, N.G. (2017), Principles of Economics, (8th Ed.). US: Cengage Learning. Inc., US.
Meijerink, G. W., & Roza, P. (2007). The role of agriculture in economic development (No. 4). Wageningen UR.
Muhammad-Lawal, A., & Atte, O.A. (2006). An analysis of agricultural production in Nigeria. African Journal of General Agriculture, 2(1), 1-6.
Nkoro, E., & Uko, A. K. (2016). Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) cointegration technique: application and interpretation. Journal of Statistical and Econometric methods, 5(4), 63-91.
Norozi, H., Hoseini, S.S., & Ansari, V. (2019). Investigating the Effects of Macroeconomic Variables and Support Policy on the Growth of the Agricultural Sector in Iran. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development Research, 49(4), 587-605. (In Persian)
Ogundeji, A.A., Donkor, E., Motsoari, C., & Onakuse, S. (2018). Impact of access to credit on farm income: Policy implications for rural agricultural development in Lesotho. Agrekon, 57(2), 152-166.
Omrani, M., & Farajzadeh, Z. (2016). Capital role in Iranian agriculture growth. Journal of Agricultural Economics Research, 7(28), 1-19. (In Persian)
Ouattara, B. (2004). Foreign aid and fiscal policy in Senegal (pp. 262-267). Manchester: Mimeo University of Manchester.
Parman, J. (2012). Good schools make good neighbors: Human capital spillovers in early 20th century agriculture. Explorations in Economic History, 49(3), 316-334.
Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y., & Smith, R. J. (2001). Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships. Journal of applied econometrics, 16(3), 289-326.
Pesaran, M.H., & Shin, Y. (1997). An autoregressive distributed lag modelling approach to cointegration analysis. Econometric Society Monographs, 31, 1-24.
Pishbahar, E., Rahimi, J., Dashti, G., & Ghahremanzad, M. (2015). The effects of agricultural trade instability and volatility on growth of agricultural sector in Iran. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development Research, 46(2), 299-310. (In Persian)
Plan and Budget Organization of Iran (2019). Unpublished row data. https://www.mporg.ir/home
Sadeghi, B., Ahmadpour Borazjani, M., & Di anati, M. (2017). The Study of Inflationary Tax Influence on the Agriculture Sector Growth in Iran. Agricultural Economics and Development, 25(99), 1-16. (In Persian)
Shakeri Bostanabad, R., & Salehi Kamroudi, M. (2020). Factors Affecting the Growth of Iran's Agricultural Sector: Applying the Bayesian Model Averaging Approach. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development Research, 51(3), 451-467. (In Persian)
Statistical Center of Iran. (2018). Results of the labor force survey in 2017. (In Persian)
Tafazzoli, F. (2018). The History of Economic Beliefs. (3th Ed.). Tehran: Nashre Ney. Inc., IRAN. (In Persian)
Tashkini, A. (2018). Applied Econometrics using Microfit (2nd ed.). Noor-e-Elm Publication, Hamedan, Iran. (In Persian)
Teixeira, A. A., & Queirós, A.S. (2016). Economic growth, human capital and structural change: A dynamic panel data analysis. Research policy, 45(8), 1636-1648.
Van Passel, S., Massetti, E., & Mendelsohn, R. (2017). A Ricardian analysis of the impact of climate change on European agriculture. Environmental and Resource Economics, 67(4), 725-760.
World Bank. (2019). World Bank Database. Retrieved from: https://data.worldbank.org/
Ziaee, S., Amirzadeh Moradabadi, S., Samareh Hashemi, Kh., & Narouei, H. (2018). The Effect of Knowledge-Based Economy on Value Added of Agricultural Sector in Iran. Agricultural Economics and Development, 26(102), 75-92. (In Persian)