Iranian Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development Research

Iranian Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development Research

Investigating The Effect of The Settlement on The Sustainable Livelihoods of The Nomads in Semirom County

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors
Tahereh Qarqani 1
Gholamhossein Abdollahzadeh 2
Mohammad Sharif Sharifzadeh 2
Iraj Dehghan 3
1 Ms.C Student of Rural Development, Department of Agricultural Extension and Education, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
2 Associated Professor, Department of Agricultural Extension and Education, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
3 Expert, Department of Nomadic Affairs of Semiram County, Semirom, Iran
10.22059/ijaedr.2021.293288.668843
Abstract
One of the strategies for diversification of livelihood in nomad society has been the settlement of nomads and the establishment of permanent nomad settlements while, its impact has not yet been accurately assessed on the sustainable livelihood of nomad housholds. This research aimed to investigate the impact of nomads’ settlement on sustainable livelihoods in Semirom County. The research design was semi-experiment and carried out based on survey strategy. The target population of study included two groups of nomadic tribes (N=4845) and settled nomads (N=350). Through Cochran formula 150 households from each group were selected as research samples. The sample was selected by stratified appropriate sampling technique within 2 settlement sites and 5 nomad tribes. Results showed that natural and financial capitals and total assets were lesser than average and in inappropriate position among both nomads groups. Results of Independent t-test indicated that there are significant difference between two groups of households regarding physical, natural, financial capital and total assets. Assessing vulnerable trends indicated that some items such increased employment opportunities, enhanced income and family purchase power have more importance to decrease vulnerability among nomad households. While some items such increased in construction and development, enhanced local security and increased family solidarity and union have more importance to decrease vulnerability among settled households. Moreover items such inflation and increased prices and variation in meat price have more importance to increase vulnerability among two group of households.
Keywords
Sustainable Livelihoods
Nomad Settlement
Nomadic Society
Livelihood Approach
Semirom County
  1. Bebbington, A. (1999). Capitals and capabilities: a framework for analyzing peasant viability, rural livelihoods and poverty. World development. 27: 2021-2044.
  2. Chambers, R. and Conway, G. R. (1992). Sustainable Rural Livelihoods: Practical concepts for the 21st century. IDS Discussion Paper No. 296.
  3. (2005). Sustainable Livelihoods Approach Guidelines, Partners in Rural Development, Chapel, Ottawa, Canada.
  4. Dehghani, A., Sydayei, E. & Shafaghi, C. (2012) Assessing and investigating the quality of life indices in settlement sites of nomads, case study, Fars and Isfahan provinces, The Applied Research of Geographic Sciences, 12 (9): 96-77.
  5. (1999). Sustainable livelihoods guidance sheets, UK DFID Department for International Development: London. Available at: www. Livelihoods. Org/info/info_guidancesheets. Html (accessed 05 April 2007).
  6. Ebrahim, M, H. (1984). Nomadism, settlement and development. Habitat International, 8: 125-141.
  7. Eddins, E, A. (2013). A sustainable livelihoods approach to volunteer tourism: The roles of the host community and an Alternative Break Program in Achiote, Panama, Colorado State University.
  8. Ellis, F. (2000). Rural livelihoods and diversity in developing countries. Oxford university press. Countries: evidence and policy implications. 40.
  9. Fan, J., Liang, Y., Tao, A., Sheng, K., Ma, H-L., Xu, Y., Wang, C.S., and Sun, W. (2011). Energy policies for sustainable livelihoods and sustainable development of poor areas in China, Energy policy. 39:1200-1212.
  10. Fang, Y. P., Fan, J., Shen, M. Y., and Song, M. Q. (2014). Sensitivity of livelihood strategy to livelihood capital in mountain areas: Empirical analysis based on different settlements in the upper reaches of the Minjiang River, China. Ecological indicators, 38: 225-235.
  11. Ghazali, S. & Zibaei, M. (2017). Factors affecting the chose of livelihood Strategies by nomad households in Fars Province. Agriculutral Economics, 11 (4): 80-63.
  12. Horsley, J., Prout, S., Tonts, M., and Ali, S. H. (2015). Sustainable livelihoods and indicators for regional development in mining economies. The Extractive Industries and Society, 2: 368-380.
  13. Iravani, M.R. (2005). Measuring the tendency of nomad households regarding resettlement and existing problems of case study in Arab tribes Jrqoyeh, cooperation. Tavon, 165: 70-62.
  14. Jomepour, M. & Ahmadi, S. (2011). The impact of tourism on sustainable rural livelihood (Case Study: Baraghan village, city Savojbolagh). Rural Researches, 2 (1): 63-33.
  15. Kalantari, K. (2012). Quantitative models in planning (regional, urban and rural). Saba Cultural Publications. Tehran, 356 p.
  16. Koeberlein, M. (2003). Living from waste: livelihood of the actors involved in Delhi’s recycling economy, Saarbrucken (Germany): Verlag fur Entwicklungspolitik.
  17. Mahdavi, M., Rezaei, P. & Khani, F. (2008). Measuring settled nomad attitudes toward settlement in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province. Journal of Rural Development, 12 (3):162-137.
  18. Mahdi, G., Shivakoti, G. and Schmidt-Vogt, D. (2009). Livelihood Change and Livelihood Sustainability in the Uplands of Lembang Subwatershed, West Sumatra, Indonesia, in a Changing Natural Resource Management Context. Environmental Management, (43): 84-99.
  19. Motee-Langrodi, H., Qadiri-Masoum, M., Rezvani, M. R., Nazari, A. & Sahneh, B. (2011). The impact of emigrations return to rural areas on livelihoods of residents (Case study: Aqqal County). Human Geography, 78: 67-83.
  20. Nejati, B., Hajipour, M., Mechanici, J., Masynaeinejat, M.T. & Ebrahimi, M.E. (2013). Settlement and socio-economic evolution of nomad community: Avaz site of Darmian County. Cultural-Social Studies of Khorasan, 25: 144-125.
  21. Otieno, J, R. (2009). Turkana livelihood strategies and adaptation to drought in Kenya. A PhD thesis, Victoria University of Wellington.‏ 7-18.
  22. Rashdnasb, K. & Ahmadvand, M. (2018). Explaining the strategies of of nomad livelihood improvement in Gachsaran County. Journal of Rural Development Strategies, 5 (1): 85-67.
  23. Rezvani, M.R., & Derikvand, M. (2007). Investigating and evaluating settlement sites of nomads (impacts and outcomes) case study Camery site of Azna County. Jihad, 279: 151-133.
  24. Riahi, V., Moradi, M., Nazari, M., & Sadeghi, M. (2013). Comparative study of the economic structure of the tribes in Qasr-e Shirin and Saveh County. Geographical Vision (Human Studies), 8 (22): 58-48.
  25. Serrat, O. (2008). The sustainable livelihoods approach, Asian development bank. International publications key workplace documents.
  26. Shakur, A., Tabibi, H.R., Bagherzadeh, M.S., & Vahedpour, G. (2013). Measuring socio-economic factors affecting on the nomads settlement in Fars province. Journal of Regional Planning, 3 (9): 1-11.
  27. Shateri, M. & Hajjipour, M. (2011). The socio-economic effects settlement schemes on the nomadic communities: a case study Nazdsht Sarbishe town in South Khorasan province. Journal of Human Geography, 3 (2): 29-17.
  28. Shateri, M. & Sadeghi, H. (2012). Analysis of socio-economic effects of spontaneous settlement of nomads, case study: the tribes of Dehdez district of Ize city in Khuzestan province. Journal Spatial Planning, 2 (2): 128-105.
  29. Shen, F. (2009). Tourism and the sustainable livelihoods approach: application within the Chinese context, Lincoln University.
  30. Soltani, A., Angelsen, A., Eid, T., Naieni, M. S. N. and Shamekhi, T. (2012). Poverty, sustainability, and household livelihood strategies in Zagros, Iran. Ecological Economics, 79: 60-70.
  31. Statistical Center of Iran. (2008). Census nomads in 2008, Tehran: Iran Statistics Center.
  32. Steinmann, H, S. (2002). Gender, pastoralism, and intensification: changing environmental resource use in morocco. Middle Eastern Natural Environments, 3: 107-81.
  33. Sydzadeh, H. & Rezaei, J. (2013). Factors affecting income on settled nomads in Ilam province. Journal of Rural & Development, 16 (4): 162-143.
  34. Tahmasebi, S., Badri, S. Ali. & Razvani, M. R. (2015), Trend of livelihood-biomedical changes in nomadic ecosystems with an environmental sustainability approach (Case study: Farsimadan tribal, Fars province). Geography and Environmental Sustainability, 17: 86-65.
  35. Tang, Q., Bennett, S. J., Xu, Y., and Li, Y. (2013). Agricultural practices and sustainable livelihoods: Rural transformation within the Loess Plateau, China. Applied Geography, 41:15-23.
  36. Thieme, S. (2006). Social networks and migration: Far West Nepalese labour migrants in Delhi, LIT Verlag Münster. p. department of geography, University of Zurich, winter 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
  37. Timalsina, K, P. (2007). Rural urban migration and livelihood in the informal sector: A study of street vendors of Kathmandu Metropolitan City, Nepal. Norwegian university of Science and Technology (NTNU).
  38. Udayakumara, E. P. N. and Shrestha, R. P. (2011). Assessing livelihood for improvement: Samanalawewa reservoir environs, Sri Lanka. International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology, 18(4): 366-376.
  39. Yan, J, Z., Wu, Y, Y., Zhang, Y, L., Zhou, S, B. & Shi, Y, L. (2009). Livelihood diversification of peasants and nomads of eastern transect in Tibetan Plateau. Acta Geographica Sinica, 64(2): 221-233.‏
  40. Yan, J. & Zhang, Y. (2011). Livelihood vulnerability assessment of farmers and nomads in eastern ecotone of Tibetan Plateau, In AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts: 31-32.
  41. Ziaei, M., Faghihi, A., Jomehpour, M., & Shekari, F. (2017). Developing a framework for the resilience of the Nomads (Case Study: Qashqai tribe. Iranian Journal of Management Science, 12 (47): 73-51.
Iranian Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development Research
Volume 53, Issue 4
Autumn 2022
Pages 919-934