Farmers' Awareness of the Concept, causes and Effects of Climate Change in Rural Areas of South Khorasan province

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Department of Agricultural Extension and Education, Faculty of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamadan, Iran

2 Department of Agricultural Extension and Education, Faculty of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran

3 Department of Agricultural Extension and Education, Faculty of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran.

Abstract

Farmers' awareness of the concept, causes and process of climate change is directly related to their adaptation to the effects of climate change. Thus, the main purpose of this study was to investigate the level of farmers' awareness about climate change in Nehbandan city which was located in South Khorasan province. The number of 180 farmers were calculated as a sample population by Cochran's formula. To select cases through the county, the multi-stage sampling method and among villages, random sampling was used. The main data collection tool was a questionnaire whose validity was confirmed by experts and its reliability was confirmed by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient to 0.76. Data was analysised in SPSS19 software. The results showed that about 11% of farmers had no knowledge about the concept of climate change. In fact, this concept is not yet known among farmers, and there is no consensus on whether climate change is short-term or long-term. However, they percieved climate change as a serious threat to Nehbandan because they fully experienced its environmental, economic and social effects, such as frequent droughts, declining rainfall, rising unemployment and migration, declining agricultural production and purchasing power in the county. Variables like education level and attendance at training courses showed a positive relationship with farmers' awareness of climate change and variables such as age and number of children had a significant negative relationship. Therefore, it is recommended to increase Framers’ awareness about climate change and how to adopt with it trough holding more qualified educational courses. 

Keywords

Main Subjects

Extended Abstract

Objectives

 The agricultural sector, as one of the most vulnerable sectors to climate change, has always been considered by many researchers. It is clear that climate change has a direct effect on agricultural production. In other words, the agricultural sector is inherently more sensitive to climate change than other sectors (Ben Na et al., 2016). As the negative effects of climate change vary around the world, farmers in developing countries are expected to suffer from a lack of capacity to diversify crops, a low level of awareness, incompetence, illiteracy, and infrastructure. Limited, inability to predict climate change, low financial ability and low adaptability to climate changes (Kurukulasuriya, 2007). Thus, increasing farmers' awareness and adapting to proposed and alternative solutions can reduce vulnerability and improve their living conditions (Abid et a., 2015; Ajuang et al., 2016; Idrisa et al., 2012). Adaptation to climate change can be considered from three different perspectives: risk awareness, risk perception and having the capacity to reduce the negative effects on the production system (Juana et al. 2013). In other words, the results of numerous studies indicates a strong relationship between farmers' awareness of climate change and adaptation to its effects (Adger et al. 2009; Debela et al. 2015). In this regard, this study aims to know to what extent the farmers of Nehbandan County in South Khorasan province are aware of the concept, causes and effects of climate change and well perceived this phenomenon.

 

Methods

    The study follows the quantitative paradigm and empirical research method in terms of purpose. Also, in terms of data collection and analysis, it is a survey based on descriptive-correlational analysis. The statistical population of the study consists of all households living in rural areas of Nehbandan county (N=7118 households) that have been exposed to drought and climate change in recent years. The sample size was estimated to be 180 households using the Cochran's formula. In order to select the research samples, the stratified random sampling was used and 9 villages were considered as target villages and the samples were randomly selected. Data were collected using a questionnaire whose validity was confirmed by experts’ opinion and its reliability was confirmed by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient to more than 0.70. Five-point Likert scale (very low = 1 to very high = 5) was used to measure the scale of awareness. Data analysis was done in IBMSPSS software environment.

 

Results

    The results showed that about 14% of farmers did not feel much need to be aware of climate change but about 52 percent of farmers felt the need to be aware of climate change. The results showed that 10.6% of farmers had no knowledge about climate change’ concept. 39.4% considered climate change as a kind of change in climate pattern for a long time and 39.4% believed the same changes for a short period of time. 10.6% of farmers also considered climate change to be equivalent to rising global temperatures and global warming. The most important environmental effects of climate change from farmers’ perspective were increasing the incidence of drought, increasing the length of the drought, decreasing rainfall and increasing the average temperature, respectively. There was a positive and significant relationship between participation in educational courses and literacy level with the level of farmers' awareness of climate change. However, there was a negative and significant relationship between age and number of children with farmers' awareness of climate change.

 

Discussion

     The final results of the study showed that the likelihood of farmers adapting to climate change (and especially drought) increases when they understand the concept, causes and process of climate change, as well as its effects. Yazdanpanah et al. (2015) also concluded that increasing knowledge about the causes and effects of climate change increases farmers' desire to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and adapt to climate change. While about 11% of farmers in the study had no knowledge of the concept of climate change. About 40 percent of them believed that it would involve some change in climate factors in the short term. Given that the level of education can be effective in the field of farmers 'access to different information channels and their use, as a result, it can lead to increase farmers' awareness of climate change. This result is consistent with the results of research by Dorsa and Hassan (2005), Ghambar Ali et al. (2012), Veneto et al. (2012), Jamshidi et al. (2015). Given that the level of education of farmers can not be increased much, we should look for information channels that are consistent with the level of education of farmers. As the level of education of farmers cannot be increased much, we should look for information channels that are consistent with the level of education.

References

Abdollahzadeh, GH., Azhdarpour, A., & Sharifzadeh, M. (2017). Investigating Rural People Perceptions of Climate Changes and Adaptation Strategies in Zabol County, Geography and Environmental Planning, 28(4), 85-106.
Abid, M., Scheffran, J., Schneider, U. A., & Ashfaq, M. (2015). Farmers’ perceptions of and adaptation strategies to climate change and their determinants: The case of Punjab province, Pakistan. Earth System Dynamics, 6(1), 225–243.
Adger, W. N., Dessai, S., Goulden, M., Hulme, M., Lorenzoni, I., Nelson, D. R., et al. (2009). Are there social limits to adaptation to climate change? Climatic Change, 93, 335–354.
Ajuang, C. O., Abuom, P.O., Bosire, E.K., Dida,G.O., & Anyona, D. N. (2016). Determinants of climate change awareness level in upper Nyakach Division, Kisumu County, Kenya. Springer Plus, 5(1), 1–20.
Akerlof, K., Maibach, E. W., Fitzgerald, D., Cedeno, A. Y., & Neuman, A. (2013). Do people “personally experience” global warming, and if so how, and does it matter?. Global environmental change, 23(1), 81-91.
Altieri, M.A., Nicholls, C.I., (2017). The adaptation and mitigation potential of traditional 17 agricultures in a changing climate. Climatic Change, 140, 33-45.
Arbuckle, J.G., Morton, L.W., Hobbs, J. (2013), Understanding farmer perspectives on climate change adaptation and mitigation: The roles of trust in sources of climate information, climate change beliefs, and perceived risk, Environment and Behavior, 47(2), 205-234.
Asadi, A., Jamshidi, O., & Kalantari, KH. (2018). Climate Change Adaptation Strategies for Smallholder Farmers of Hamedan Province, Iranian Journal of Agricultural Extention and Education, 13(2), 109-130.
Banna, H., Afroz, R., Masud, M. M., Rana, M. S., Koh, E. H., & Ahmad, R. (2016). Financing an efficient adaptation programme to climate change: a contingent valuation method tested in Malaysia. Cahiers Agricultures, 25(2), 25003.
Below, T.B., Mutabazi, K.D., Kirschke, D., Franke, C., Sieber, S., Siebert, R., Tscherning, K. (2012), Can farmers’ adaptation to climate change be explained by socio-economic household-level variables? Global Environmental Change, 22(1), 223-235.
Bhatt, D.; Maskey, S.; Babel, M.S.; Uhlenbrook, S.; Prasad, K.C. (2014). Climate Trends and Impacts on Crop Production in the Koshi River Basin of Nepal. Reg. Environ. Chang. 2014, 14, 1291–1301.
Tesfahunegn, G. B., & Gebru, T. A. (2021). Climate change effects on agricultural production: insights for adaptation strategy from the context of smallholder farmers in Dura catchment, northern Ethiopia. GeoJournal, 86(1), 417-430.
Budak, D. B., Budak, F., Zaimoglu, Z., Kekec, S., & Sucu, M. Y. (2005). Behaviour and attitudes of students towards environmental issues at faculty of agriculture, Turkey. Journal of Applied Sciences, 5(7), 1224-1227.
Chang C.C. (2002). The potential impact of climate change on Taiwan’s agriculture. Agricultural Economics, 27: 51-64.
Dang, H., Li, E., Nuberg, I., & Bruwer, J. (2014). Farmers’ assessments of private adaptive measures to climate change and influential factors: a study in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. Natural hazards, 71(1), 385-401.
De Lima, C., Buzan, J., Moore, F., Baldos, U., Huber, M. (2021). Heat stress on agricultural workers exacerbates crop impacts of climate change, Environ. Res. Lett. 16, 044020.
De Matos Carlos, S., da Cunha, D. A., Pires, M. V., and Do Couto-Santos, F. R. (2020). Understanding farmers’ perceptions and adaptation to climate change: the case of Rio das Contas basin, Brazil. GeoJournal 85, 805–821. doi:10.1007/ s10708-019-09993-1.
Debela, N., Mohammed, C., Bridle, K., Corkrey, R., & McNeil, D. (2015). Perception of climate change and its impact by smallholders in pastoral/agropastoral systems of Borana, South Ethiopia. SpringerPlus, 4(1), 1-12.
Dehghanpour, M., Yazdanpanah, M., Forouzani, M., Abdollahzadeh, G. (2020). Evaluation and Prioritization of Agricultural Adaptation Policies to climate change in Fars Province. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development Research, 51(4), 777-795.
Deressa, T. T., Hassan, R. M., & Ringler, C. (2011). Perception of and adaptation to climate change by farmers in the Nile basin of Ethiopia. The Journal of Agricultural Science, 149(1), 23.
Deressa, T., Hassan, R., & Poonyth, D. (2005). Measuring the impact of climate change on South African agriculture: The case of sugarcane growing regions. Agrekon, 44(4), 524-542.
Eakin, H., & Luers, A. L. (2006). Assessing the vulnerability of social-environmental systems. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 31, 365–394
Esmaeilnejad, M., & Poodineh, M. (2017). Evaluation of adaptation to climate change in rural areas south of South Khorasan, Journal of Natural Environmental Hazard, 6 (11): 85-100.
Esmail Nejad, M., & Alijani, B. (2017). Analysis and ranking of adaptation strategies to climate change from the perspective of local people studied: Sistan plain. Spatial Analysis of Environmental Hazards, 4 (1), 63-72.
Olabanji, M. F., Ndarana, T., & Davis, N. (2021). Impact of Climate Change on Crop Production and Potential Adaptive Measures in the Olifants Catchment, South Africa. Climate, 9(1), 6. https://doi.org/10.3390/cli9010006.
Ghambarali, R., Papzan, A., Afsharzadeh, N. (2012). Analysis of Farmers’ Perception of Climate Changes and Adaptation Strategies, Journal of Rural Research, 3(11): 192-213.
Giannelli, G.C. and E. Canessa. 2021. “After the food: Migration and remittances as coping strategies of rural Bangladeshi households”. Economic Development and Cultural Change. Forthcoming
Grothmann, T., & Patt, A. (2005). Adaptive capacity and human cognition: The process of individual adaptation to climate change. Global Environmental Change, 15, 199–213.
Hansen, J., Marx, S., and Weber, E. (2004). The Role of Climate Perceptions, Expectations, and Forecasts in Farmer Decision Making: The Argentine Pampas and South Florida. NY, U.S.A: Palisades. Technical report 04-01. doi:10.2172/ 833414.
Harvey, C. A., Saborio-Rodríguez, M., Martinez-Rodríguez, M. R., Viguera, B., Chain-Guadarrama, A., Vignola, R., et al. (2018). Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation Among Smallholder Farmers in Central America. Agric. Food Secur 7 (1), 57. doi:10.1186/s40066-018-0209-x.
Hassan, R., & Nhemachena, C. (2008). Determinants of African farmers’ strategies for adapting to climate change: Multinomial choice analysis. African Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, 2(1), 83–104.
Howden, S. M., Soussana, J.-F., Tubiello, F. N., Chhetri, N., Dunlop, M., and Meinke, H. (2007). Adapting Agriculture to Climate Change. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 104 (50), 19691–19696. doi:10.1073/pnas.0701890104
Hundera, H., Mpandeli, S., & Bantider, A. (2019). Smallholder farmers’ awareness and perceptions of climate change in Adama district, central rift valley of Ethiopia. Weather and Climate Extremes, 26, 100230.
Idrisa, Y. L., Ogunbameru, B. O., Ibrahim, A. A. & Bawa1, D. B. (2012). Analysis of Awareness and Adaptation to Climate Change among Farmers in the Sahel Savannah Agro-ecological Zone of Borno State, Nigeria. British Journal of Environment & Climate Change, 2(2): 216-226
IPCC, 2001: Climate Change 2001: Full Report. Contribution of Working Group II to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Chapter 18 [Smit, B. & Pilifosova, O. and lead authors, Burton, I., Challenger, B., Huq, S., Klein, R.J.T., Yohe, G.]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 879- 912.
IPCC, 2007, Summary for Policy Makers, Climate change 2007: The physical science Basis, Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Jafarzadeh, A., Jafarzadeh, A &., Shahidi, A. (2016). Modeling of climate change effects on saffron water requirement in south Khorasan province by GIS, Journal of Saffron Research, 3 (2), 163-174.
Jamshidi, A., Nouri Zamanabadi, S.H., & Ebrahimi, M. (2015). Farmersa Adaptation Intention to Climate Change by Using Structural Equation Modeling: A Case Study of Rural Areas in Chardavol County, Ilam Province, Iran, Village and Development, 18(2), 65-88.
Jones, H. P., Hole, D. G., and Zavaleta, E. S. (2012). Harnessing Nature to Help People Adapt to Climate Change. Nat. Clim Change 2 (7), 504–509. doi:10. 1038/nclimate1463.
Juana, J. S., Kahaka, Z., & Okurut, F. N. (2013). Farmers’ perceptions and adaptations to climate change in sub-Sahara Africa: A synthesis of empirical studies and implications for public policy in African agriculture. Journal of Agricultural Science, 5, 121.
Hoseini, S., Nazari, M., Araghinejad, S. (2013). Investigating the impacts of climate on agricultural sector with emphasis on the role of adaptation strategies in this sector. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development Research, 44(1), 1-16. doi: 10.22059/ijaedr.2013.36064
Kahiluoto, H. & Ro¨tter, R. (2009). Implications of and possible responses to climate change. University of Helsinki Department of Economics and Management, Discussion Papers no 39. Helsinki.
Karimi, V., Karami, E., & Keshavarz, M. (2018). Climate change and agriculture: Impacts and adaptive responses in Iran. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 17(1), 1-15.
Karpudewan, M., Roth, W. M., & Abdullah, M. N. S. B. (2015). Enhancing primary school students' knowledge about global warming and environmental attitude using climate change activities. International Journal of Science Education, 37(1), 31-54.
Khoshmanesh zadeh, B., Poorhashemi, A., Soltanieh, M., & Hermidas Bavand, D. (2016). Analyzing the Impacts of Climate Change on Human Rights, Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 17 (4), 223-234.
Kumar, S., Mishra, A. K., Pramanik, S., Mamidanna, S., and Whitbread, A. (2020). Climate Risk, Vulnerability and Resilience: Supporting Livelihood of Smallholders in Semiarid India. Land Use Policy 97, 104729. doi:10.1016/j. landusepol.2020.104729.
Kurukulasuriya, P. (2007). A Ricardian analysis of the impact of climate change on African cropland (Vol. 4305). World Bank Publications.
Kurukulasuriya, P., and Rosenthal, S. (2013). Climate Change and Agriculture: A Review of Impacts and Adaptations. Washington, DC: World Bank. Environment department papers no. 91 (Climate change series.
Lawson, E. T., Alare, R. S., Salifu, A. R. Z., & Thompson-Hall, M. (2020). Dealing with climate change in semi-arid Ghana: Understanding intersectional perceptions and adaptation strategies of women farmers. GeoJournal, 85(2), 439-452.
Lee, T. M., Markowitz, E. M., Howe, P. D., Ko, C. Y., & Leiserowitz, A. A. (2015). Predictors of public climate change awareness and risk perception around the world. Nature Climate Change, 5(11), 1014–1020. doi:10.1038/nclimate2728.
Lemi, T., & Hailu, F. (2019). Effects of Climate Change Variability on Agricultural Productivity. A review. International Journal of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resources, 17(1), 14-20.
López-Feldman, A., and Mora Rivera, J. J. (2018). “The Effects of Climate Change on Poverty and Income Distribution: A Case Study for Rural Mexico,” in Economic Tools and Methods for the Analysis of Global Change Impacts on Agriculture and Food Security. Editor S. Quiroga (Cham: Springer).
Malka, A., Krosnick, J. A., & Langer, G. (2009). The association of knowledge with concern about global warming: Trusted information sources shape public thinking. Risk Analysis: An International Journal, 29(5), 633-647.
Malla, G. (2008). Climate change and its impact on Nepalese agriculture. J. Agric. Environ, 9, 62–71.
Masud, M. M., Azam, M. N., Mohiuddin, M., Banna, H., Akhtar, R., Alam, A. F., & Begum, H. (2017). Adaptation barriers and strategies towards climate change: Challenges in the agricultural sector. Journal of Cleaner Production, 156, 698-706.
Matsalabi Ado, A., Leshan, J., Savadogo, P., Bo, L., & Ahmad Shah, A. (2018). Farmers’ awareness and perception of climate change impacts: case study of Aguie district in Niger, Environ Dev Sustain, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-018-0173-4.
Mbwambo, S., Mourice, S., & Tarimo, A. (2021). Climate Change Perceptions by Smallholder Coffee Farmers in the Northern and Southern Highlands of Tanzania, Climate, 2-19.
McIver, L., Kim, R., Woodward, A., Hales, S., Spickett, J., Katscherian, D., Hashizume, M., Honda, Y., Kim, H., Iddings, S., Naicker, J., Bambrick, H., McMichael, A.J., Ebi, K.L. (2016). Health Impacts of Climate Change in Pacific Island Countries: A Regional Assessment of Vulnerabilities and Adaptation Priorities. Environmental Health Perspectives, 124(11): 1707-1714.
Meldrum, G., Mijatovic, D., Rojas, W., Flores, J., Pinto, M., Mamani, G., et al. (2018). Climate Change and Crop Diversity: Farmers’ Perceptions and Adaptation on the Bolivian Altiplano. Environ. Dev. Sustain. 20, 703–730.
Milfont, T. L. (2012). The interplay between knowledge, perceived efficacy, and concern about global warming and climate change: a one‐year longitudinal study. Risk Analysis: An International Journal, 32(6), 1003-1020.
Minale, Luigi. 2018. Agricultural productivity shocks, labour reallocation and rural–urban migration in China. Journal of Economic Geography, 18(4), 795–821.
Momeni, S., & Zibaei, M. (2013). The Potential Impacts of Climate Change on the Agricultural Sector of Fars Province, Iranian Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development reaserach, 27(3):169-179.
Morten, Melanie. 2019. Temporary migration and endogenous risk sharing in village india. Journal of Political Economy, 127(1), 1–46.
Mtambanengwe, F., Mapfumo, P., Chikowo, R., & Chamboko, T. (2012). Climate change and variability: Smallholder farming communities in Zimbabwe portray a varied understanding. African Crop Science Journal, 20(2), 227–241.
Mustafa, G., Latif, I. A., Bashir, M. K., Shamsudin, M. N., & Daud, W. M. N. W. (2019). Determinants of farmers' awareness of climate change. Applied Environmental Education & Communication, 18(3), 219-233.
Naab, F. Z., Abubakari, Z., & Ahmed, A. (2019). The role of climate services in agricultural productivity in Ghana: the perspectives of farmers and institutions. Climate Services, 13, 24-32.
Nehbandan County Governship, (2021), Agricultural status of the county, available online on: http://www.sk-nehbandan.ir/page-NahbandanMain/fa/3/form/pId477.
Noble, I.R., Huq, S., Anokhin, Y.A., Carmin, J., Goudou, D., Lansigan, F.P., Osman-Elasha, B., Villamizar, A., (2014). Adaptation Needs and Options. Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Papadaskalopoulou, C., Moriondo, M., Lemesios, I., Karali, A., Konsta, A., Dibari, C., ... & Giannakopoulos, C. (2020). Assessment of total climate change impacts on the agricultural sector of Cyprus. Atmosphere, 11(6), 608.
Pondorfer, A. (2019). The perception of climate change: Comparative evidence from the small-island societies of Bougainville and Palawan. Environmental Development, 30, 21-34
Salehi, S., Nejad, Z. P., Mahmoudi, H., & Burkart, S. (2016). Knowledge of global climate change: view of Iranian university students. International Research in Geographical and Environmental Education, 25(3), 226-243.
Shrestha, S., Thin, N. M. M., & Deb, P. (2014). Assessment of climate change impacts on irrigation water requirement and rice yield for Ngamoeyeik Irrigation Project in Myanmar. Journal of water and climate change, 5(3), 427-442.
Silvestri, S., Bryan, E., Ringler, C., Herrero, M., and Okoba, B. (2012). Climate Change Perception and Adaptation of Agro-Pastoral Communities in Kenya. Reg. Environ. Change 12 (4), 791–802.
Simelton, E., Quinn, C. H., Batisani, N., Dougill, A. J., Dyer, J. C., Fraser, E. D. G., et al. (2013). Is Rainfall Really Changing? Farmers’ Perceptions, Meteorological Data, and Policy Implications. Clim. Development 5, 123–138.
Smit, B., Burton, I., Klein, R. J., & Street, R. (1999). The science of adaptation: a framework for assessment. Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change, 4(3), 199-213.
Sorecha, E. M., Kibret, K., Hadgu, G., & Lupi, A. (2017). Exploring the impacts of climate change on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) production in Central Highlands of Ethiopia. Academic Research Journal of Agricultural Science and Research, 5(2), 140–150.
Stoutenborough, J. W., & Vedlitz, A. (2014). The effect of perceived and assessed knowledge of climate change on public policy concerns: An empirical comparison. Environmental Science & Policy, 37, 23-33.
Tesfahunegn GB, Mekonen K, Tekle A (2016) Farmers' perception on causes, indicators and determinants of climate change in northern Ethiopia: implication for developing adaptation strategies. Appl Geogr 73:1–12.
Tripathi, A., & Mishra, A. K. (2017). Knowledge and passive adaptation to climate change: An example from Indian farmers. Climate Risk Management, 16, 195-207.
Truelove, H. B., & Parks, C. (2012). Perceptions of behaviors that cause and mitigate global warming and intentions to perform these behaviors. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 32(3), 246-259.
Turral, H., Burke, J.J., Faurès, J.-M. (2011). Climate change, water and food security. Food and 5 Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Rome, Italy.
Vaseghi, E., & Esmaeili, A. (2008). Investigating the Economic Impact of Climate Change on Iran's Agricultural Sector: Ricadin Method (Case Study: Wheat), Journal of Water and Soil Science, 12 (45): 685 -696.
Venot, J. P., Reddy, V. R., & Umapathy, D. (2010). Coping with drought in irrigated South India: Farmers’ adjustments in Nagarjuna Sagar. Agricultural Water Management, 97(10), 1434-1442.
Williams, P. A., Crespo, O., & Abu, M. (2019). Adapting to changing climate through improving adaptive capacity at the local level–The case of smallholder horticultural producers in Ghana. Climate Risk Management, 23, 124-135.
Williams, P. A., Crespo, O., & Abu, M. (2020). Assessing vulnerability of horticultural smallholders’ to climate variability in Ghana: Applying the livelihood vulnerability approach. Environment, development and sustainability, 22(3), 2321-2342.
Yazdanparast, T., Salehpour, S., Masjedi, M. R., Seyedmehdi, S. M., Boyes, E., Stanisstreet, M., & Attarchi, M. (2013). Global warming: knowledge and views of Iranian students. Acta Medica Iranica, 178-184.
Zamani, GH., & Azizi-Khalkheili, T. (2014). Adjustment with Climate Change: Application of Grounded Theory, Journal of Applied Sociology, 25(4), 183-199.
Zobeidi, T., Zaery, H. & Yazdanpanah, M. (2017). The impact of Khuzestan Agriculture expert's knowledge in acceptance of coping strategies with climate change by farmers, Journal of Agricultural Education Administration Research, 9(42), 12-26.
Iranian Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development Research
Volume 54, Issue 4
April 2023
Pages 911-932

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics