The Relationship between Cultural Values and Entrepreneurial Intentions of Agriculture Students: A Cross Cultural Analysis

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Associate Professor, Department of Agricultural Extension and Education, Faculty of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran

2 Teaching Assistant, Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, Faculty of Agriculture, Samangan Higher Education Institute, Samangan, Afghanistan

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to examine the mechanisms through which cultural values are associated with entrepreneurial motivations and intentions in in two Persian-speaking countries, namely, Iran and Afghanistan. To do so, two cultural values, namely independent and interdependent self-construal, were integrated within the Theory of Planned Behavior. Data were collected by a questionnaire from a sample of 452 agricultural students who were selected from the two public universities in the two countries. The results of structural equation modeling showed that the independent and interdependent self-construal were indirectly related to entrepreneurial intentions via attitude towards entrepreneurship and perceived behavioral control. The results showed that there was not a significant difference between the two countries according to the relationship between the cultural values and the motivational variables of the theory of planned behavior (i.e., attitudes toward entrepreneurship, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control) and the relationship between the motivational variables and entrepreneurial intentions. The finding and implications of this research can let both policy makers and educators for developing effective strategies and promoting entrepreneurship among agriculture students.

Keywords

References

  1. Ajzen, I. (1991). The Theory of Planned Behavior. Organizational behavior and human decision processes, 50(2), 179-211.
  2. Ajzen, I. (2002). Perceived Behavioral Control, Self-Efficacy, Locus of Control, and the Theory of Planned Behavior. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 32(4), 665–683.
  3. Alam, M. Z., Kousar, S., & Rehman, C. A. (2019). Role of entrepreneurial motivation on entrepreneurial intentions and behaviour: theory of planned behaviour extension on engineering students in Pakistan. Journal of Global Entrepreneurship Research, 9(1), 50-60.
  4. Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: Freeman.
  5. Bochner, S. (1994). Cross-Cultural Differences in the Self Concept: A Test of Hofstede's Individualism/Collectivism Distinction. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 25(2), 273-283.
  6. Bowen, H. P., & De Clercq, D. (2008). Institutional context and the allocation of entrepreneurial effort. Journal of International Business Studies, 39(4), 747-767.
  7. Bruton, G. D., Ahlstrom, D., & Obloj, K. (2008). Entrepreneurship in emerging economies: Where are we today and where should the research go in the future. Entrepreneurship theory and practice, 32(1), 1-14.
  8. Charters, S., Velikova, N., Ritchie, C., Fountain, J., Thach, L., Dodd, T. H., ... & Terblanche, N. (2011). Generation Y and sparkling wines: a cross-cultural perspective. International Journal of Wine Business Research, 23(2), 161-175.
  9. Cho, H., J. So, & Lee, J. (2009). Personal, social, and cultural correlates of self-efficacy beliefs among South Korean college smokers. Health Communication, 24(4), 337-345.
  10. Dogan, V., & Ozmen, M. (2017). Belief in environmentalism and independent/interdependent self-construal as factors predicting interest in and intention to purchase hybrid electric vehicles. Current Psychology, 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12144-017-9705-6
  11. Drnovšek, M., Wincent, J., & Cardon, M. S. (2010). Entrepreneurial self‐efficacy and business start‐up: developing a multi‐dimensional definition. International journal of entrepreneurial behavior & research, 16(4), 329-348
  12. Dumas, M., & Ter Hofstede, A. H. (2001, October). UML activity diagrams as a workflow specification language. In International conference on the unified modeling language (pp. 76-90). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
  13. Engle, R. L., Dimitriadi, N., Gavidia, J. V., Schlaegel, C., Delanoe, S., Alvarado, I., ... & Wolff, B. (2010). Entrepreneurial intent: A twelve-country evaluation of Ajzen's model of planned behavior. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 16(1), 35-57.
  14. Farrukh, M., Lee, J. W. C., Sajid, M., & Waheed, A. (2019). Entrepreneurial intentions: The role of individualism and collectivism in perspective of theory of planned behavior. Education+ Training.
  15. Fayolle, A., Basso, O., & Bouchard, V. (2010). Three levels of culture and firms’ entrepreneurial orientation: A research agenda. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 22(7-8), 707-730.
  16. Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (2011). Predicting and changing behavior: The reasoned action approach. Psychology press.
  17. Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. (1981). Structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50.
  18. Geletkanycz, M. A. (1997). The salience of ‘culture’s consequences’: The effects of cultural values on top executive commitment to the status quo. Strategic Management Journal, 18(8), 615-634.
  19. Gorgievski, M. J., Stephan, U., Laguna, M., & Moriano, J. A. (2018). Predicting entrepreneurial career intentions: values and the theory of planned behavior. Journal of career assessment, 26(3), 457-475.
  20. Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2017). A Primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.
  21. Hallam, C., Zanella, G., Dorantes Dosamantes, C. A., & Cardenas, C. (2016). Measuring entrepreneurial intent? Temporal construal theory shows it depends on your timing. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 22(5), 671-697.
  22. Hayton, J.C., George, G., & Zahra, S.A. (2002). National culture and entrepreneurship: a review of behavioural research. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 26(4), 33-52
  23. Henseler, J., Hubona, G., & Ray, P. A. (2016). Using PLS path modeling in new technology research: updated guidelines. Industrial management & data systems, 116(1), 2-20.
  24. Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., and Sarstedt, M. 2015. A New Criterion for Assessing Discriminant Validity in Variance-based Structural Equation Modeling. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 43(1): 115-135
  25. Hofstede, G. (2003). What is culture? A reply to Baskerville. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 28(7-8), 811-813.
  26. Homer, P. M., & Kahle, L. R. (1988). A structural equation test of the value-attitude-behavior hierarchy. Journal of Personality and social Psychology, 54(4), 638-646.
  27. Iakovleva, T., Kolvereid, L., & Stephan, U. (2011). Entrepreneurial intentions in developing and developed countries. Education+ Training, 53(5), 353-370.
  28. Inglehart, R. (1997). Modernization and Post-modernization. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  29. Joshi, M., Joshi, G., & Pathak, S. (2020). Awareness, entrepreneurial event theory and theory of planned behaviour as antecedents of student entrepreneurial intentions: an Indian perspective. International Journal of Business and Globalisation, 25(2), 170-184.
  30. Karimi, S. (2016). Studying the Role of Emotional Intelligence in Developing Entrepreneurial Intentions of Agricultural Students (Case Study: Bu-Ali Sina, Razi, Kordestan and Lorestan Universities). Iranian Agricultural Extension and Education Journal, 12(1), 71-84. [In Farsi]
  31. Karimi, S. (2020). The role of entrepreneurial passion in the formation of students’ entrepreneurial intentions. Applied Economics, 52(3), 331-344.
  32. Karimi, S., Biemans, H. J., Lans, T., & Mulder, M. (2019). Understanding the Role of Cultural Orientations in the Formation of Entrepreneurial Intentions in Iran. Journal of Career Development, 0894845319880264.
  33. Karimi, S., Biemans, H. J.A., Naderi Mahdei, K., Lans, T., Chizari, M., & Mulder, M. (2017). Testing the relationship between personality characteristics, contextual factors and entrepreneurial intentions in a developing country.International Journal of Psychology, 52, 227–240.
  34. Karimi, S., Biemans, H., Lans, T., Chizari, M., & Mulder, M. (2014). Effects of role models and gender on students’ entrepreneurial intentions. European Journal of Training and Development, 38(8), 694-727.
  35. Kautonen, T., van Gelderen, M., and Fink, M. (2015). Robustness of the theory of planned behavior in predicting entrepreneurial intentions and actions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 39(3), 655–674.
  36. Kirkley, W. W. (2016). Creating ventures: decision factors in new venture creation. Asia Pacific Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 10(1), 151-167.
  37. Knafo, A., & Sagiv, L. 2004. Values and work environment: Mapping 32 occupations. European Journal for Psychology of Education, 19 (3): 255–273.
  38. Liñán, F., & Chen, Y. (2009). Development and Cross-Cultural Application of a Specific Instrument to Measure Entrepreneurial Intentions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 33(3), 593- 617
  39. Liñán, F., Moriano, J. A., & Jae´n, I. (2016). Individualism and entrepreneurship: Does the pattern depend on the social context? International Small Business Journal, 34, 760–776.
  40. Lüthje, C., & Franke, N. (2003). The ‘making’of an entrepreneur: testing a model of entrepreneurial intent among engineering students at MIT. R&d Management, 33(2), 135-147.
  41. Mancha, R. M., & Yoder, C. Y. (2015). Cultural antecedents of green behavioral intent: An environmental theory of planned behavior. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 43, 145–154.
  42. Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98(2), 224–253.
  43. McCoy, S., Galletta, D. F., & King, W. R. (2005). Integrating national culture into IS research: The need for current individual level measures. Communications of the Association for Information Systems, 15(1), 12.
  44. Milfont, T.L., Duckitt, J., & Wagner, C. (2010). A cross-cultural test of the value-attitude-behavior hierarchy. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 40(11), 2791-2813.
  45. Mirak Zadeh, A.,   Shiri, N. &   Hedaiatinia, S. (2014). Effect of Social Capital Dimensions on Entrepreneurial Intention of Agricultural Students. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development Research, 45(2), 235-246. [In Farsi]
  46. Morales, C., Holtschlag, C., Masuda, A. D., & Marquina, P. (2019). In which cultural contexts do individual values explain entrepreneurship? An integrative values framework using Schwartz’s theories. International Small Business Journal, 37(3), 241-267.
  47. Moriano, J. A., Gorgievski, M., Laguna, M., Stephan, U., & Zarafshani, K. (2012). A cross-cultural approach to understanding entrepreneurial intention. Journal of Career Development, 39(2), 162-185.
  48. Munir, H., Jianfeng, C., & Ramzan, S. (2019). Personality traits and theory of planned behavior comparison of entrepreneurial intentions between an emerging economy and a developing country. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 25(3), 554-580.
  49. Park, H.S., & Levine, T. R. (1999). The theory of reasoned action and self-construal: Evidence from three cultures. Communication Monographs, 66, 199–218.
  50. Podsakoff, P.M., MacKenzie, S.B., Lee, J.-Y., & Podsakoff, N.P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of applied psychology, 88, 879-903.
  51. Rezaei, M. (2019). The Relationship between Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy and Entrepreneurial Intention of Agricultural Students at University of Tarbiiat Modarres. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development Research, 50(2), 409-419. [In Farsi]
  52. Ringle, C. M., Wende, S., & Becker, J. M. (2017). SmartPLS—statistical software for structural equation modeling. Handbook of Market Research; Homburg, C., Klarmann, M., Vomberg, A., Eds.
  53. Sagiv, L. (2002). Vocational interests and basic values. Journal of Career Assessment, 10(2), 233-257.
  54. Shi, Y., Yuan, T., Bell, R., & Wang, J. (2020). Investigating the Relationship Between Creativity and Entrepreneurial Intention: The Moderating Role of Creativity in the Theory of Planned Behavior. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1209.
  55. Shim, S., Warrington, P., & Goldsberry, E. (1999). A personal value-based model of college students; attitudes and expected choice retailing careers. Family and Consumer Sciences Research, 28(1), 28-51
  56. Shinnar, R. S., Giacomin, O., & Janssen, F.  (2013). Entrepreneurial Perceptions and Intentions: The Role of Gender and Culture. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 36(3), 465-493.
  57. Singelis, T. M. (1994). The measurement of independent and interdependent self-construals. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 20(5), 580-591.
  58. Sinha D & Tripathi RC (1994). Individualism in a collectivist culture: A case of coexistence of opposites. In U Kim, HC Triandis, C Kagitcibasi, SC Choi & G Yoon (Eds.), Individualism and collectivism: Theory, method and application (pp 123–136). Thousand Oaks: Sage.
  59. Soininen, S. J., Puumalainen, K., Sjögrén, H., Syrjä, P., & Durst, S. (2013). Entrepreneurial orientation in small firms–values-attitudes-behavior approach. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 19(6), 611-632.
  60. Straub, D., Loch, K, Evaristo, J. R., Karahanna, E., & Srite, M. (2002). Toward a Theory-Based Measurement of Culture.  Journal of Global Information Management, 10(1), 13-23.
  61. Triandis, H. C., & Suh, E. M. (2002). Cultural influences on personality. Annual review of psychology, 53(1), 133-160.
  62. Triandis, H.C. (1995), Individualism & Collectivism, Westview Press, New York, NY.
  63. Trivedi, R. H. (2017). Entrepreneurial-intention constraint model: A comparative analysis among post-graduate management students in India, Singapore and Malaysia. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 13(4), 1239-1261.
  64. Urban, B., & Kujinga, L. (2017). The institutional environment and social entrepreneurship intentions. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 23(4), 638-655.
  65. Yang, B., Nan, X., & Zhao, X. (2017). Persuasiveness of anti-smoking messages: Self-construal and message focus. Health Education, 117(4), 398-413.
  66. Yang, H. T., & Yen, G. F. (2018). Consumer responses to corporate cause-related marketing: A serial multiple mediator model of self-construal, empathy and moral identity. European Journal of Marketing, 52(9/10), 2105-2127.
  67. Zahid, M. M., Ali, B., Ahmad, M. S., Thurasamy, R., & Amin, N. (2018). Factors affecting purchase intention and social media publicity of green products: The mediating role of concern for consequences. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 25(3), 225–236.
  68. Zampetakis, L. A., Kafetsios, K., Lerakis, M., & Moustakis, V. (2015). Investigating the role of self-construal in the formation of entrepreneurial intentions. Frontiers in psychology, 6, 1085.
Iranian Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development Research
Volume 52, Issue 2
May 2021
Pages 309-326

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics