External factors affecting the Iranian Agricultural Extension System (IAES) by 2025

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 PhD. Candidate, Agricultural Extension and Education, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran

2 Associate Professors, Agricultural Extension and Education, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran

3 Professor, Shahid Beheshti University, Iran

4 Deputy of Extension and Education Organization, Iran

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to identify external factors affecting the Iranian Agricultural Extension System (IAES) by 2025 using agricultural extension authorities’ viewpoints. Results of this qualitative study were obtained by using a modified Delphi technique to reach group consensus. The target population was 20 policy makers that selected by judgment sampling. It is noted that the validity of questionnaire was confirmed by panel of experts. Results of study indicated the probability of occurring sixteen external factors affecting IAES by 2025 was at “moderate to high” level that consensus was reached on fourteen external factors affecting IAES. These factors, respectively, in seven categories of "infrastructure, ecology, economic, cultural, institutional, scientific and technological revolution and the population" were reduced.

Keywords

References

Allahyari, S. M. (2008). Redefining of agricultural extension objectives toward sustainability in Iran. American-Eurasian Journal Agricultural & Environmental Sciences, 4 (3): 349-353.
Anderson, R. G. & Feder, G. (2004). Agricultural extension: Good intensions and hard relitities. The World Bank Research Observer, 19 (1): 41-60.
Custer, R. L., Scarcella, J. A. & Stewart, B. R. (1999). The modified Delphi technique: A rotational modification. Journal of Vocational and Technical Education, 15 (2): 1-10.
Davoodi, H. & HabibZadeh, Sh. (2010). Future study in Agricultural education in third world countries (Challenges, perceptions, & rolls). The 3rd Congress on Agricultural & Natural Resource Extension & Education in Iran. 2-3 March, 2010, Mashhad, Iran. P: 79.
Duncan, W. D., Navarro, M. & Mykerezi, K. P. (2008). Learning about sustainability: The contribution of the global seminar educational model. Proceedings of the 24th Annual Meeting. E.A.R.T.H University, Costa Rica: 166-176.
Fami, S. H. (2003). Islamic Republic of Iran, IN, Sharma, V. P. (2003). Enhancement of extension systems in agriculture. Hirakawacho, Chiyoda-Ku, Tokyo: Asian Productivity Organization: 116-126.
Farajallah Hosseini, S. J. & Niknami, M. (2009). Challenges facing the agricultural extension service in Iran in applying information and communication technologies. EFITA conference. Available at:
http://www.efita.net/apps/accesbase/bindocload.asp?d=6532&t=0&identobj=qmmWoa0Q&uid=57305290&sid=57&idk=1
Goodman, C. M. (1987). The Delphi technique: A critique. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 12: 729-734.
Hanafin, S. (2004). Review of literature on the Delphi Technique. Available at: www.dcya.gov.ie/documents/.../Delphi_Technique_A_Literature_Review.pdf
Hasson, F., Keeney, S. & McKenna, H. (2000). Research guidelines for the Delphi survey technique. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 32 (4): 1008-1015.
Hsu, C. & Miller, E. L. (2008). Perceptions of Taiwanese academics concerning intangible resources of agro-tourism businesses. Proceedings of the 24th Annual Meeting. E.A.R.T.H University, Costa Rica: 246-254.
Karbasion, M. (2007). Towards a competency profile for the role of instruction of agricultural extension professionals in Esfahan. PhD thesis in Social Science group, Wageningen University and Reaserch Centre, Netherlands.
Karbasioun, M. & Chizari, M. (2004). Rural instructors’ educational exposure to, use of, and attitude toward the program of activities. Proceedings of the 20th Annual Conference of AIAEE. Ireland: Dublin. P: 967.
Kleps, C. & Absher, C. (1997). Information technologies used in extension services of some central and eastern European countries, and USA. First European Conference for Information Technology in Agriculture, Copenhagen, 15-18 June, 1997.
Ludwig, B. (1997). Predicting the future: Have you considered using the Delphi methodology. Journal of Extension, 35 (5).
McDowell, G. (2004). Is extension an idea whose time has come and gone?. Journal of Extension, 42 (6).
Peterson, W. (1997). The context of extension in agricultural and rural development. In: Swanson, B. E., Bentz, R. P. & Sofranko, A. J. (Eds.). Improving agricultural extension: A reference manual. Rome, FAO.
Pezeshki-Raad, G., Aghahi, H. & Ukaga, O. (2001). Agricultural extension problems in Iran: Opinion of extension authorities. Journal of Extension Systems, 17 (1): 1-15.
Pezeshki-Raad, Gh. & Karami Dehkordi, E. (2006). Linking agricultural research with extension: Iranian agricultural researchers’ attitude toward collaboration with extension workers. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 8: 35-46.
Poweel, C. (2003). The Delphi technique: Myths and realities. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 41 (4): 376- 382.
Qamar, K. (2001). Restructuring and strengthening the National Agricultural Extension System in  Islamic  Republic of Iran. Rome, FAO.
Rivera, M. W. (2001). Agricultural and rural extension worldwide: Options for institutional reform in the developing countries. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
Rivera, M. W. & Sulaiman, R. V. (2009). Extension: Object of reform, engine for innovation. Outlook on Agriculture, 38 (3): 267–273.
ShahVali, M. & AbediSarvestani, A. (2006). Achieving world goals of agricultural of extension in future with using of management theory. Rural & Development, 8 (4): 113-145. (In Farsi)
ShahVali, M., GholamAliZadeh, S., Ghaisari, H., Ranjbar, Z. & Rostami, Sh. (2010). Investigating and Developing Strategic Program in Agricultural Jihad in Fars Province. The 3rd Congress on Agricultural & Natural Resource Extension & Education in Iran. 2-3 March, 2010, Mashhad, Iran. P: 80.
Swanson, B. E. & Samy, M. M. (2002). Developing extension partnership among public, private and nongovernmental organization. Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education, 9 (1): 5-11.
Ta’ati, M. & Bahrami, M. (2010). Comparative Study of Effective Factors on the Future of Science and Technology Management in Iran for 2026 from Viewpoints of Policy Makers and Scientists. Policy of Science & Technology, 2 (2): 47- 61.
Tongco, C. D. M. (2007). Purposive sampling as a tool for informant selection. Ethnobotany Research & Applications, 5:147-158.
Turoff, M. (1975). The policy Delphi, In, H. A. Linstone & M. Turoff (eds.). The Delphi method: Techniques and applications. London: Addison-Wesley.
Rivera, M. W., Qamar, K. M. & Mwandemere, K. H. (2005). Enhancing coordination among AKIS/RD actors: An analytical and comparative review of country studies on agricultural knowledge and information systems for rural development (AKIS/RD). Rome, FAO.
Zakaria, A. (2003). Decentralizing extension to local governments: Indonesia experience Regional Workshop on Operational zing Reform in Agricultural Extension in South Asia, New Delhi.
Williams, P. L. & Webb, C. (1994).The Delphi technique: A methodological discussion. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 19: 180-186.

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics