Pistachio and date, as valuable commodities in Iran’s non-oil trade, play a crucial role in achieving sustainable development. Accordingly, analyzing the export performance of these products is essential for strengthening Iran’s competitiveness in global markets. This study applies the Constant Market Share (CMS) model and decomposes changes in export volumes into the scale effect, competitiveness effect, and second-order effect to assess Iran’s capacity, as a major exporter, to adjust and adapt the export structure of pistachios and dates in response to changes in the global demand structure for these products. Export data were drawn from the International Trade Centre (ITC) for the period 2013–2022. The results indicate that Iran’s pistachio exports experienced a significant decline in global market share (from 39% in 2013 to 17% in 2022), accompanied by a negative competitive effect, whereas date exports exhibited an upward trajectory with stable and growing market shares (from 14% to 18%). The CMS decomposition further showed that the second-order effect (SOE) was generally positive, demonstrating Iran’s relative ability to adapt to shifts in global demand. The findings highlight that enhancing product quality, pursuing international branding, and leveraging trade agreements are essential strategies to improve competitiveness and alignment with demand dynamics. Accordingly, reinforcing competitive policies and targeted marketing efforts in pistachio exports, along with continued investment in strengthening the competitiveness and adaptability of date exports, can contribute to improving Iran’s overall export performance.