University of TehranIranian Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development Research2008-483848420180220Diversity of activity, A Strategy to Promote Energy Productivity in Agriculture (Causality analytical approaches Toda - Yamamoto and Bounds test)Diversity of activity, A Strategy to Promote Energy Productivity in Agriculture (Causality analytical approaches Toda - Yamamoto and Bounds test)5475566522810.22059/ijaedr.2018.65228FAJournal Article20150310Nowadays, continuous growth of developed countries and the rapid growth in developing countries owe to use of energy. But in recent decades, the need to move towards sustainable development, public thought to increase energy productivity to upgrade the production by the specific energy consumption. On the other hand, researchers believe that the move to a diversified production system and economies of scope due to it can increase the productivity of inputs. Hence, the present study has been checked the causal relationship between energy productivity and diversity of activities in the agricultural sector by the Toda-Yamamoto causality and Bounds tests. The results indicate the existence of a unidirectional causal relationship from energy productivity to diversity of activities. So, due to the positive influence of energy productivity from diversity of agricultural activities, it is suggested that government encourage agricultural system to more diversification instead of various supporting policies from specific products.Nowadays, continuous growth of developed countries and the rapid growth in developing countries owe to use of energy. But in recent decades, the need to move towards sustainable development, public thought to increase energy productivity to upgrade the production by the specific energy consumption. On the other hand, researchers believe that the move to a diversified production system and economies of scope due to it can increase the productivity of inputs. Hence, the present study has been checked the causal relationship between energy productivity and diversity of activities in the agricultural sector by the Toda-Yamamoto causality and Bounds tests. The results indicate the existence of a unidirectional causal relationship from energy productivity to diversity of activities. So, due to the positive influence of energy productivity from diversity of agricultural activities, it is suggested that government encourage agricultural system to more diversification instead of various supporting policies from specific products.https://ijaedr.ut.ac.ir/article_65228_32806098d98db624e1a35ad1f9d0ab39.pdfUniversity of TehranIranian Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development Research2008-483848420180220Effective Factors on Tourism Demand of Aras Free Zone: Using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) ApproachEffective Factors on Tourism Demand of Aras Free Zone: Using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) Approach5575726522910.22059/ijaedr.2018.65229FAEsmaeilPishbahar0000-0001-7826-5437HosseinYadavarAssistant Professor, Department of Rural Extension and Education, University of Tabriz0000-0002-5377-9471Journal Article20150414This study was performed to investigate the factors affecting tourism demand in Aras free Zone. The data were collected based on random sampling, and was analyzed using structural equation modeling approach. Validity of instrument was confirmed by professors and in order to determine the reliability of the various sections of the questionnaire, Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used (0.81 and 0.87). The results indicated that the demand for tourism was affected from the satisfaction of business, religious, historical, and natural tourism and the facilities available. In other words, for increasing tourism demand, it should increase the quality and quantity of the facilities of Aras free Zone, such as restaurants, tour services, health care, housing, parking and tourist guide. Also, it should try to reduce cost by reducing transaction costs (Transit, insurance and other costs of clearance) and by increasing the variety of imported goods to increased satisfaction with the business tourism. Also, by increasing the number of artificial attractions, protection of natural attractions, providing the framework for the use of ecotourism, and restoration of historical monuments (churches Chopan, Caravanserai of KhwajaNazar ...), and religious places (Holy Shrine of Shoaib and Mohammad Agha), the satisfaction of ecotourism, historical religious tourist can be reached.This study was performed to investigate the factors affecting tourism demand in Aras free Zone. The data were collected based on random sampling, and was analyzed using structural equation modeling approach. Validity of instrument was confirmed by professors and in order to determine the reliability of the various sections of the questionnaire, Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used (0.81 and 0.87). The results indicated that the demand for tourism was affected from the satisfaction of business, religious, historical, and natural tourism and the facilities available. In other words, for increasing tourism demand, it should increase the quality and quantity of the facilities of Aras free Zone, such as restaurants, tour services, health care, housing, parking and tourist guide. Also, it should try to reduce cost by reducing transaction costs (Transit, insurance and other costs of clearance) and by increasing the variety of imported goods to increased satisfaction with the business tourism. Also, by increasing the number of artificial attractions, protection of natural attractions, providing the framework for the use of ecotourism, and restoration of historical monuments (churches Chopan, Caravanserai of KhwajaNazar ...), and religious places (Holy Shrine of Shoaib and Mohammad Agha), the satisfaction of ecotourism, historical religious tourist can be reached.https://ijaedr.ut.ac.ir/article_65229_9a83913d9ec390148f3a78c0020c6d6d.pdfUniversity of TehranIranian Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development Research2008-483848420180220Simulating the Effects of Macroeconomic Shocks on Agricultural Sector: Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (DSGE) model approachSimulating the Effects of Macroeconomic Shocks on Agricultural Sector: Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (DSGE) model approach5735876523110.22059/ijaedr.2017.225895.668377FAMahdiKhosraviAbd-AlmajidJala&rsquo;ee EsfandabadiProfessor / Shahid Bahonar University of KermanJournal Article20170124Knowing type of the effects of economic shocks and uncertainties over economic body is a suitable guide to make proper decisions in the event of economic shocks. Given the importance of the agricultural sector, the present study examines the effects of macroeconomic shocks: (including agricultural productivity, monetary, oil revenues and government spending shocks) on Iran’ agricultural sector. To this end, we construct a Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (DSGE) model emphasizing on agricultural sector, considering Iran’s Economic realities based on data from the period 1991-2013. The results show that a positive productivity shock has a positive effect on agricultural output (2.06%), employment (0.23%), capital (1.46%), real wages (0.33%) and home consumption goods (1.33%) and a negative effect on marginal cost, price indexes and imported consumption goods. Positive monetary shock leads to an increase in all agricultural variables except real wages. Following positive oil revenue; output (0.73%), employment (0.087%), real wages (0.68%) and price indexes fall. Increase in government expenditure, capital (0.28%) and real wages (0.18%) decrease. The results, show that the effects of agricultural productivity shock are more persistent and desirable when compared to those of other shocks and in magnitude, generally, the greatest responses are of the shock. On the contrary, positive oil revenue shock has the most negative effects on agricultural sector. Given the negative effects of the oil revenue shock, the government should allocate a share of foreign exchange earnings arising from a positive oil shock to be spent on supporting and strengthening agriculture instead of importing agricultural consumption goods and weakening it. Knowing type of the effects of economic shocks and uncertainties over economic body is a suitable guide to make proper decisions in the event of economic shocks. Given the importance of the agricultural sector, the present study examines the effects of macroeconomic shocks: (including agricultural productivity, monetary, oil revenues and government spending shocks) on Iran’ agricultural sector. To this end, we construct a Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (DSGE) model emphasizing on agricultural sector, considering Iran’s Economic realities based on data from the period 1991-2013. The results show that a positive productivity shock has a positive effect on agricultural output (2.06%), employment (0.23%), capital (1.46%), real wages (0.33%) and home consumption goods (1.33%) and a negative effect on marginal cost, price indexes and imported consumption goods. Positive monetary shock leads to an increase in all agricultural variables except real wages. Following positive oil revenue; output (0.73%), employment (0.087%), real wages (0.68%) and price indexes fall. Increase in government expenditure, capital (0.28%) and real wages (0.18%) decrease. The results, show that the effects of agricultural productivity shock are more persistent and desirable when compared to those of other shocks and in magnitude, generally, the greatest responses are of the shock. On the contrary, positive oil revenue shock has the most negative effects on agricultural sector. Given the negative effects of the oil revenue shock, the government should allocate a share of foreign exchange earnings arising from a positive oil shock to be spent on supporting and strengthening agriculture instead of importing agricultural consumption goods and weakening it. https://ijaedr.ut.ac.ir/article_65231_13a1027d6f341f82d3d2a7b48c8cd234.pdfUniversity of TehranIranian Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development Research2008-483848420180220Spatial Analysis of effective factors on the viewpoints of farmers about establishing the agricultural marketing cooperatives in West Azerbaijan provinceSpatial Analysis of effective factors on the viewpoints of farmers about establishing the agricultural marketing cooperatives in West Azerbaijan province5895966523310.22059/ijaedr.2018.65233FAMohammadJalalzadehJournal Article20140115Contribute to the development of agricultural marketing cooperatives is one of strategies which can help to facilitate the participation of farmers in agricultural marketing cycle. Hence, the purpose of this study was to locate the best areas for establishing the Central Marketing Cooperatives of Agricultural Crops in West Azerbaijan Province. All the farmers of West Azerbaijan Province consisted the statistical population of the study. The specimen volumewas determined as 386persons. Based on the findings, the majority of farmers (96.1 percent) are agree with the creation of marketing cooperatives. Meanwhile, the effectiveness of these marketing cooperatives earned a good score (8 out of 10) from the viewpoints of respondents. Moreover, based on the research results, it was found that variables such as age and main occupation of the farmers have significant influence on their attitudes about marketing cooperatives and their opinion about the effectiveness of these marketing cooperatives. Findings revealed that, Sarashtcounty has minimum range of willingness to establish agricultural marketing cooperatives while it has very good locational situation in this regard. Also spatial analysis discovered that there are three areas in province where has not identified the location of selected classes but included urban and rural settlements and requires Accurate planning.Contribute to the development of agricultural marketing cooperatives is one of strategies which can help to facilitate the participation of farmers in agricultural marketing cycle. Hence, the purpose of this study was to locate the best areas for establishing the Central Marketing Cooperatives of Agricultural Crops in West Azerbaijan Province. All the farmers of West Azerbaijan Province consisted the statistical population of the study. The specimen volumewas determined as 386persons. Based on the findings, the majority of farmers (96.1 percent) are agree with the creation of marketing cooperatives. Meanwhile, the effectiveness of these marketing cooperatives earned a good score (8 out of 10) from the viewpoints of respondents. Moreover, based on the research results, it was found that variables such as age and main occupation of the farmers have significant influence on their attitudes about marketing cooperatives and their opinion about the effectiveness of these marketing cooperatives. Findings revealed that, Sarashtcounty has minimum range of willingness to establish agricultural marketing cooperatives while it has very good locational situation in this regard. Also spatial analysis discovered that there are three areas in province where has not identified the location of selected classes but included urban and rural settlements and requires Accurate planning.https://ijaedr.ut.ac.ir/article_65233_42e52333073ef98b49e4908eeb0ce3ab.pdfUniversity of TehranIranian Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development Research2008-483848420180220Application of Grounded Theory in Sustainable Environmental Behaviors of Farmers: an Exploratory AnalysesApplication of Grounded Theory in Sustainable Environmental Behaviors of Farmers: an Exploratory Analyses5976096523410.22059/ijaedr.2018.65234FARaziehNamdarJournal Article20140526<strong> </strong>Sustainable development is an approach for live and work in 21 century. Among sustainability indices, environmental protection has considered as the most important index. Emerging environmental problems and their increasing trends are the most important concern for international organizations and scientist. "Human" is an influencing factor and the victim of this crisis. This study was conducted to access to most important factors influencing environmental behaviors of farmers, by utilizing qualitative approach, and grounded theory method. This study conducted by performing 27 interviews with farmers of two villages from Sepidan township of Fars province. Also, data were collected through observation, operational noting sound records of interviews, and literature review. “line to line analyses” was used for open coding. By frequent referral to data, 158 concepts were recognized and assorted. From these concepts, 3 categories namely: "environmental attitude", "economic situation" and "environmental policies" were identified as primary categories and 6 categories were assigned as subsidiary categories, which included: access to recourse, background issues, education, technology, cooperation and partnership, fellow influence and indigenous experience. Finally, recognizing core coding, the paradigm was presented.<strong> </strong>Sustainable development is an approach for live and work in 21 century. Among sustainability indices, environmental protection has considered as the most important index. Emerging environmental problems and their increasing trends are the most important concern for international organizations and scientist. "Human" is an influencing factor and the victim of this crisis. This study was conducted to access to most important factors influencing environmental behaviors of farmers, by utilizing qualitative approach, and grounded theory method. This study conducted by performing 27 interviews with farmers of two villages from Sepidan township of Fars province. Also, data were collected through observation, operational noting sound records of interviews, and literature review. “line to line analyses” was used for open coding. By frequent referral to data, 158 concepts were recognized and assorted. From these concepts, 3 categories namely: "environmental attitude", "economic situation" and "environmental policies" were identified as primary categories and 6 categories were assigned as subsidiary categories, which included: access to recourse, background issues, education, technology, cooperation and partnership, fellow influence and indigenous experience. Finally, recognizing core coding, the paradigm was presented.https://ijaedr.ut.ac.ir/article_65234_6bfe98ffa52b44639a4cf65c55adbe41.pdfUniversity of TehranIranian Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development Research2008-483848420180220Analyzing factors affecting unsustainably of agricultural lands in East Azerbaijan Province (case of Malekan County)Analyzing factors affecting unsustainably of agricultural lands in East Azerbaijan Province (case of Malekan County)6116196523610.22059/ijaedr.2018.65236FAMohammadMahboobiFaculty member of Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources0000-0001-9519-3519Journal Article20140216Unsustainably of farmland has received much attention in recent years. Hence, there is a need to assess the unsustainably factors of different land management systems. Understanding these factors is critical to formulate appropriate policies and programs to achieve sustainable agriculture. Therefore, this research aimed to analyses the factors affecting unsustainably of agricultural lands within wheat farmers in Malekan County. Sample size was estimated by using Cochran formula (n=162). Samples have been selected by stratified random sampling method. Validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by a panel of agricultural extension and education professionals and some experts from Jihad-e Keshavarzi Management of Malekan County. The reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed based on pilot study and calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.71. The collected data was analyzed by SPSS21. The results of factor analysis showed six factors named: characteristics of water and soil, inappropriate climate, economic poverty of farmers, chemical inputs, weakness in technical knowledge and the structure of land, explained more than 71 percentage of variance of unsustainably of agricultural lands in study area.Unsustainably of farmland has received much attention in recent years. Hence, there is a need to assess the unsustainably factors of different land management systems. Understanding these factors is critical to formulate appropriate policies and programs to achieve sustainable agriculture. Therefore, this research aimed to analyses the factors affecting unsustainably of agricultural lands within wheat farmers in Malekan County. Sample size was estimated by using Cochran formula (n=162). Samples have been selected by stratified random sampling method. Validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by a panel of agricultural extension and education professionals and some experts from Jihad-e Keshavarzi Management of Malekan County. The reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed based on pilot study and calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.71. The collected data was analyzed by SPSS21. The results of factor analysis showed six factors named: characteristics of water and soil, inappropriate climate, economic poverty of farmers, chemical inputs, weakness in technical knowledge and the structure of land, explained more than 71 percentage of variance of unsustainably of agricultural lands in study area.https://ijaedr.ut.ac.ir/article_65236_be214a29320a8dd5eefd7dd057c00a12.pdfUniversity of TehranIranian Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development Research2008-483848420180220Farmers' Perceptions toward Dust Phenomenon: Case of Abadan CountyFarmers' Perceptions toward Dust Phenomenon: Case of Abadan County6216326523710.22059/ijaedr.2018.65237FAFatemehTaheriJournal Article20150113Agricultural sector as one of the most important economic sectors among others in Iran, has heavily affected by environmental changes.Recently, the occurrence of dust storms has influenced this sector, in a way many of its consequences for farmers are irreversible. Notwithstanding, farmers' perceptions regarding dust phenomenon will influence their attitude and behavior in order to urgently address and copping with this problem. So, a study was carried out to identify the perceptions of Abadans’ farmers regarding dust using the Q method. The concourse of statements was selected by following a process which included reviewing the related literature as well as interviewing with eight agricultural experts and informant farmers. Then statements were prioritized by experts to reached a final set of 48 statements as the Q sample. These final statements, then, were subjected to sort by farmers as the study participants selected through a purposive sampling. PQMethod software was used to analyze data which resulted in identifying four types of perceptions toward dust phenomenon among farmers.Agricultural sector as one of the most important economic sectors among others in Iran, has heavily affected by environmental changes.Recently, the occurrence of dust storms has influenced this sector, in a way many of its consequences for farmers are irreversible. Notwithstanding, farmers' perceptions regarding dust phenomenon will influence their attitude and behavior in order to urgently address and copping with this problem. So, a study was carried out to identify the perceptions of Abadans’ farmers regarding dust using the Q method. The concourse of statements was selected by following a process which included reviewing the related literature as well as interviewing with eight agricultural experts and informant farmers. Then statements were prioritized by experts to reached a final set of 48 statements as the Q sample. These final statements, then, were subjected to sort by farmers as the study participants selected through a purposive sampling. PQMethod software was used to analyze data which resulted in identifying four types of perceptions toward dust phenomenon among farmers.https://ijaedr.ut.ac.ir/article_65237_8465c966b18b9bac76797ebe83c11647.pdfUniversity of TehranIranian Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development Research2008-483848420180220Determining the predictors of adoption continuance among Canola farming in Kermanshah TownshipsDetermining the predictors of adoption continuance among Canola farming in Kermanshah Townships6336466523810.22059/ijaedr.2018.65238FAKiumarsZarafshani0000-0002-2574-6197Journal Article20131214Oilseed, after cereals, is considered the second food supply in the world. In Iran, oilseed is a major source of agricultural production. Although there have been major accomplishments in oilseed production in Iran, this country is still dependent on oilseed imports. Moreover, canola adoption among farmers in Kermanshah is not in an acceptable condition and the adoption rate has been rather slower than predicted. Therefore, the purpose of this survey study was to determine the predictors of canola adoption continuance among farmers in Kermanshah. The population in this study comprised of farmers in Kermanshah Townships. Farmers were categorized into adopters, non-adopters, and discontinuance after adoption. Using Bartlet et al. sampling table, a sample of 106 farmers including adopters, non-adopters and discontinuers participated in this study. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect data. Result of discriminate analysis revealed that extension agent contact, interest in canola cultivation, participation in extension classes, and agricultural advising services discriminated 69.6% of farmers falling into adopters and discontinuers after adoption. The result of this study has implications for agricultural policy makers in developing canola production in Kermanshah province.Oilseed, after cereals, is considered the second food supply in the world. In Iran, oilseed is a major source of agricultural production. Although there have been major accomplishments in oilseed production in Iran, this country is still dependent on oilseed imports. Moreover, canola adoption among farmers in Kermanshah is not in an acceptable condition and the adoption rate has been rather slower than predicted. Therefore, the purpose of this survey study was to determine the predictors of canola adoption continuance among farmers in Kermanshah. The population in this study comprised of farmers in Kermanshah Townships. Farmers were categorized into adopters, non-adopters, and discontinuance after adoption. Using Bartlet et al. sampling table, a sample of 106 farmers including adopters, non-adopters and discontinuers participated in this study. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect data. Result of discriminate analysis revealed that extension agent contact, interest in canola cultivation, participation in extension classes, and agricultural advising services discriminated 69.6% of farmers falling into adopters and discontinuers after adoption. The result of this study has implications for agricultural policy makers in developing canola production in Kermanshah province.https://ijaedr.ut.ac.ir/article_65238_0b29852b19b25f27858f012dfc16cc75.pdfUniversity of TehranIranian Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development Research2008-483848420180220Factors Affecting the Adoption of Trickle Irrigation by Palm Cultivators of DashtestanFactors Affecting the Adoption of Trickle Irrigation by Palm Cultivators of Dashtestan6476556523910.22059/ijaedr.2018.65239FAShapourZarifian0000-0001-6860-6728Journal Article20141006<em>Water is one of the major factors which have a limiting effect on agricultural development especially in </em><em>warm </em><em>and dry regions. Regarding the limitation, effective control in monitoring optimal use of water resources is inevitable. One of the irrigation methods which considerably reduce the amount of used water is trickle irrigation. This method has been introduced to palm cultivators of Dashtestan City, which is one of the centers of date production in the country since 1992, but only 372 farmers (%7) have employed it from palm cultivators. Thus, identifying the elements which make farmers to accept this system of irrigation could help the regional authorities in persuading farmers to employ it increasingly. In this descriptive- correlation research, we used a questionnaire, including closed-ended questions.120 participants were selected using stratified random sampling method from the target population(5000) according to Cochran’s formula. For analyzing data, the Logit regression model was used. The results showed that the land area, income level, the compatibility with land condition, and the possibility of receiving loan or other banking facilities had positive and age and the number of palm land had negative significant effects in adopting trickle irrigation.</em><em>Water is one of the major factors which have a limiting effect on agricultural development especially in </em><em>warm </em><em>and dry regions. Regarding the limitation, effective control in monitoring optimal use of water resources is inevitable. One of the irrigation methods which considerably reduce the amount of used water is trickle irrigation. This method has been introduced to palm cultivators of Dashtestan City, which is one of the centers of date production in the country since 1992, but only 372 farmers (%7) have employed it from palm cultivators. Thus, identifying the elements which make farmers to accept this system of irrigation could help the regional authorities in persuading farmers to employ it increasingly. In this descriptive- correlation research, we used a questionnaire, including closed-ended questions.120 participants were selected using stratified random sampling method from the target population(5000) according to Cochran’s formula. For analyzing data, the Logit regression model was used. The results showed that the land area, income level, the compatibility with land condition, and the possibility of receiving loan or other banking facilities had positive and age and the number of palm land had negative significant effects in adopting trickle irrigation.</em>https://ijaedr.ut.ac.ir/article_65239_480682ba6379ad6a46055e6a30d37d9c.pdfUniversity of TehranIranian Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development Research2008-483848420180220A Study of Effective Components on Virtual Water Trade Management from the ViewPoints of ExpertsA Study of Effective Components on Virtual Water Trade Management from the ViewPoints of Experts6576796539910.22059/ijaedr.2018.65399FAمحسناحدیتدانشگاه تربیت مدرس0009-0004-4428-5420Journal Article20170129The purpose of this study is to investigate components affecting the management of virtual water trade from water experts’ viewpoints. A survey research was conducted. This research was a descriptive- corelative research based on structural equation modelling. The data collection tool was questionnaire and statistical population included water experts (N=300). Using Krejcie and Morgan’s (1970) Table, 169 experts were selected using sample random sampling method. To determine the validity of questionnaire, a panel of experts consisting of the Department of agricultural extension and education at tarbiat Modares University was used. Furthermore, in order to assess the reliability of the research tool, cronbach's alpha test was used. The value of cronbach's alpha for different parts of the questionnaire was between 0.70 and 0.90. The results of correlation analysis showed that political, economic, environmental, social-cultural and educational-extension components had significant relationship with the dependent variable. To evaluate the Fitting Model of the latent variables and to test the research hypotheses, the structural equation modelling technique was applied through LISREL8.80 software. The results of confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the reliability and fitness of the latent variables of the research. Structural equation modelling showed that 65 percent of the changes in the distribution of Virtual water trade management were explained through external latenet variables and the indices of fitness of the model were approperiate.The purpose of this study is to investigate components affecting the management of virtual water trade from water experts’ viewpoints. A survey research was conducted. This research was a descriptive- corelative research based on structural equation modelling. The data collection tool was questionnaire and statistical population included water experts (N=300). Using Krejcie and Morgan’s (1970) Table, 169 experts were selected using sample random sampling method. To determine the validity of questionnaire, a panel of experts consisting of the Department of agricultural extension and education at tarbiat Modares University was used. Furthermore, in order to assess the reliability of the research tool, cronbach's alpha test was used. The value of cronbach's alpha for different parts of the questionnaire was between 0.70 and 0.90. The results of correlation analysis showed that political, economic, environmental, social-cultural and educational-extension components had significant relationship with the dependent variable. To evaluate the Fitting Model of the latent variables and to test the research hypotheses, the structural equation modelling technique was applied through LISREL8.80 software. The results of confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the reliability and fitness of the latent variables of the research. Structural equation modelling showed that 65 percent of the changes in the distribution of Virtual water trade management were explained through external latenet variables and the indices of fitness of the model were approperiate.https://ijaedr.ut.ac.ir/article_65399_e909590a576ab88ba317ef9d09876da8.pdfUniversity of TehranIranian Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development Research2008-483848420180220Effect of entrepreneurship characteristics on rural youths’ attitude and intention toward self-employment (Case study villages of West Islamabad County)Effect of entrepreneurship characteristics on rural youths’ attitude and intention toward self-employment (Case study villages of West Islamabad County)6816916524110.22059/ijaedr.2018.65241FAAmirAlambaigiAssistant Professor/The university of Tehran0000-0001-6576-2071SaraJalilianSomayeLatifistudent/Tabriz UniversityJournal Article20170110One of the main strategies for sustainable rural development is the development of self-employment among rural youth. Entrepreneurship characteristic, attitude and intention are the factors affecting entrepreneurial and self-employment behaviors. Therefore, awareness of the level of entrepreneurial characteristics, attitude, and intention among rural youth and their relationship has great importance in the development of entrepreneurship and self-employment programs in rural areas. This study is performed to assess the effect of entrepreneurship characteristics on attitude and intention of self-employment of rural youth as two phenomena explain the behavior. The samples consisted of rural youth from West Islam Abad county that 200 of them were selected randomly. The survey instrument was a questionnaire; According to experts confirmed the validity of the way it was and to evaluate the reliability of the reliability of the combination was used. Data processing was the dominant method of covariance-based structural equation modeling as a result the adjusted model showed that despite the attitude of self-employment and entrepreneurial characteristics of rural youth from West Islam Abad county had a significant positive effect. This finding suggests that both attitude and intention of self-employment are effected by individual entrepreneurial characteristics simultaneously.One of the main strategies for sustainable rural development is the development of self-employment among rural youth. Entrepreneurship characteristic, attitude and intention are the factors affecting entrepreneurial and self-employment behaviors. Therefore, awareness of the level of entrepreneurial characteristics, attitude, and intention among rural youth and their relationship has great importance in the development of entrepreneurship and self-employment programs in rural areas. This study is performed to assess the effect of entrepreneurship characteristics on attitude and intention of self-employment of rural youth as two phenomena explain the behavior. The samples consisted of rural youth from West Islam Abad county that 200 of them were selected randomly. The survey instrument was a questionnaire; According to experts confirmed the validity of the way it was and to evaluate the reliability of the reliability of the combination was used. Data processing was the dominant method of covariance-based structural equation modeling as a result the adjusted model showed that despite the attitude of self-employment and entrepreneurial characteristics of rural youth from West Islam Abad county had a significant positive effect. This finding suggests that both attitude and intention of self-employment are effected by individual entrepreneurial characteristics simultaneously.https://ijaedr.ut.ac.ir/article_65241_60ed7323eab8ecee9e4942c8bc3f4585.pdfUniversity of TehranIranian Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development Research2008-483848420180220A Study on the Role of Knowledge Exploration and Exploitation on Innovation Dimensions’ Development, in Agricultural Research Institutes of Alborz ProvinceA Study on the Role of Knowledge Exploration and Exploitation on Innovation Dimensions’ Development, in Agricultural Research Institutes of Alborz Province6937296524210.22059/ijaedr.2018.65242FASinaSahebdelMaster of Agricultural Extension and Education, University of TehranMohammad AliNasajhaye SarafiMaster of Agricultural Extension and Education, University of TehranMohsenMalekliStudent, Master of Science in Agricultural Extension and Education, University of TehranSaeedehOjaghiStudent, Master of Science in Agricultural Extension and Education, University of TehranJournal Article20170625The role of organizational learning in innovation has been considered, but its the mechanism of its effects is not so clear. Therefore, this research, with emphasis on the exploration and exploitation of knowledge as two central components of learning, has examined their role in organizational innovation capabilities. The statistical population of the research consisted of researchers in agricultural research centers of Alborz province, which 98 participants were selected by stratified random method. The research instrument was a questionnaire that its validity was confirmed by face and discriminant validity and its reliability was confirmed by composite reliability method. The dominant statistical method was the structural equation modeling (partial least squares method) that was conducted using Smart PLS software. The result of the research showed that the development of organizational innovation at Agricultural Research Institute was depended on the ability to knowledge exploration and exploitation. The results showed that knowledge exploration had the most impact on the development of innovation culture in organization, while the exploitation of knowledge had the most impact on innovation and the administrative dimension of the process. This suggests that the management of agricultural research units would focus on the exploration and exploitation of knowledge in the long-term, which could result in the development of organizational innovation.The role of organizational learning in innovation has been considered, but its the mechanism of its effects is not so clear. Therefore, this research, with emphasis on the exploration and exploitation of knowledge as two central components of learning, has examined their role in organizational innovation capabilities. The statistical population of the research consisted of researchers in agricultural research centers of Alborz province, which 98 participants were selected by stratified random method. The research instrument was a questionnaire that its validity was confirmed by face and discriminant validity and its reliability was confirmed by composite reliability method. The dominant statistical method was the structural equation modeling (partial least squares method) that was conducted using Smart PLS software. The result of the research showed that the development of organizational innovation at Agricultural Research Institute was depended on the ability to knowledge exploration and exploitation. The results showed that knowledge exploration had the most impact on the development of innovation culture in organization, while the exploitation of knowledge had the most impact on innovation and the administrative dimension of the process. This suggests that the management of agricultural research units would focus on the exploration and exploitation of knowledge in the long-term, which could result in the development of organizational innovation.https://ijaedr.ut.ac.ir/article_65242_f2cc4858f39af157a38754d45de8f1b7.pdf