University of Tehran Press Iranian Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development Research 2008-4838 52 2 2021 06 22 Economic evaluation and analysis of the effects of climate change on alfalfa yield in Iran (With drought mitigation approach) Economic evaluation and analysis of the effects of climate change on alfalfa yield in Iran (With drought mitigation approach) 201 213 82423 10.22059/ijaedr.2020.293331.668846 FA Halimeh Jahangard Ph.D. Student, Department of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University, Mashhad Iran Habibolloh Salami Professor of Department of Agricultural Economics,Faculty of Agricultural Economics and Development, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran Naser Shahnoushi Professor of Department of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University,Mashhad, Iran Mehdi Kazemnejad Assistant Professor of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development Research Institute,Tehran, Iran Mahmoud Sabuhi Professor of Department of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University,Mashhad, Iran Journal Article 2019 12 28 Alfalfa is the most important forage crop in Iran, which is cultivated in almost all provinces of the country. Considering the economic importance of alfalfa and its sensitivity to drought stress and its special physiological characteristics in drought resistance, this study investigates the risk of drought in different regions on the one hand and the relationship between alfalfa production and drought-determining parameters on the other hand. For this purpose, first the probability of drought in different regions of Iran was calculated based on RDI index, which showed that the probability of drought in some regions of the country is higher than other regions. Then, by estimating the climatic response function of alfalfa yield based on the time series data of 1992-2016 and using the spatial panel method, the effects of precipitation and temperature changes as the two main effective drought reversals on alfalfa yield were investigated. Based on the results of this study and taking into account climate forecasts and the status of available water resources in the future, the development of alfalfa cultivation in the northwestern and western regions of the country and limiting the cultivation of this crop in the eastern regions, will have positive economic effects. Also, using the physiological characteristics of alfalfa in dormancy with temporary cessation of irrigation and allocation of water to alfalfa rotation can be used as a strategy in managing water consumption in drought stress conditions. Alfalfa is the most important forage crop in Iran, which is cultivated in almost all provinces of the country. Considering the economic importance of alfalfa and its sensitivity to drought stress and its special physiological characteristics in drought resistance, this study investigates the risk of drought in different regions on the one hand and the relationship between alfalfa production and drought-determining parameters on the other hand. For this purpose, first the probability of drought in different regions of Iran was calculated based on RDI index, which showed that the probability of drought in some regions of the country is higher than other regions. Then, by estimating the climatic response function of alfalfa yield based on the time series data of 1992-2016 and using the spatial panel method, the effects of precipitation and temperature changes as the two main effective drought reversals on alfalfa yield were investigated. Based on the results of this study and taking into account climate forecasts and the status of available water resources in the future, the development of alfalfa cultivation in the northwestern and western regions of the country and limiting the cultivation of this crop in the eastern regions, will have positive economic effects. Also, using the physiological characteristics of alfalfa in dormancy with temporary cessation of irrigation and allocation of water to alfalfa rotation can be used as a strategy in managing water consumption in drought stress conditions.

https://ijaedr.ut.ac.ir/article_82423_8ff039de4d11e5d3ad09e13762145b36.pdf

University of Tehran Press Iranian Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development Research 2008-4838 52 2 2021 06 22 Testing of Weak Separability and Estimating of Meat Demand System in Iran (Application of Rotterdam Demand System) Testing of Weak Separability and Estimating of Meat Demand System in Iran (Application of Rotterdam Demand System) 215 228 82424 10.22059/ijaedr.2020.291333.668830 FA Amin Delavar PhD Student of Agricultural Economics, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran Gholamreza Yavari Associate Professor of Agricultural Economics, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran Saeid Yazdani Professor of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Agricultural Economics and Development, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran Afshin Amjadi Assistant Professor of Agricultural Economics, Institute of Planning Research, Agricultural Economics and Rural Development, Tehran, Iran Abolfazl Mahmoodi Associate Professor of Agricultural Economics, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2019 10 29 The separability of consumer desires is a necessary and sufficient condition for multi-stage budgeting and collectivization is consistent of commodity where costs are allocated between edible groups by price indices and intergroup allocations are made independently other groups. Given the high share of meat types (23 percent of household food and beverage expenditure) in the household budget and the important nutritional role of meat in people's health to determine the consumption pattern of meat products in Iran used to Rotterdam demand function in this study. In empirical studies of demand, the concept of separation is employed to correctly estimate demand function and limit the number of parameters. For this purpose, data of price index and cost of meat types (livestock, birds, fish) central Bank over the years 1995-2016 were used. The results of the separability tests support the hypothesis that a consumer first divide their income between 13 meat products in three groups (livestock, birds, fish) assigns and then approves the allocation action between the types of meat subgroups that are grouped. Also, the results of system estimation showed that the groups had a negative intrinsic price elasticity.In the meantime, the price elasticity of groups livestock meat, birds and fish meat are respectively equal to -0.89, -0.59 and -0.77. This study suggest doing weak separability tests before each action on the demand system approach. The separability of consumer desires is a necessary and sufficient condition for multi-stage budgeting and collectivization is consistent of commodity where costs are allocated between edible groups by price indices and intergroup allocations are made independently other groups. Given the high share of meat types (23 percent of household food and beverage expenditure) in the household budget and the important nutritional role of meat in people's health to determine the consumption pattern of meat products in Iran used to Rotterdam demand function in this study. In empirical studies of demand, the concept of separation is employed to correctly estimate demand function and limit the number of parameters. For this purpose, data of price index and cost of meat types (livestock, birds, fish) central Bank over the years 1995-2016 were used. The results of the separability tests support the hypothesis that a consumer first divide their income between 13 meat products in three groups (livestock, birds, fish) assigns and then approves the allocation action between the types of meat subgroups that are grouped. Also, the results of system estimation showed that the groups had a negative intrinsic price elasticity.In the meantime, the price elasticity of groups livestock meat, birds and fish meat are respectively equal to -0.89, -0.59 and -0.77. This study suggest doing weak separability tests before each action on the demand system approach.

https://ijaedr.ut.ac.ir/article_82424_27cde9bacdde66bd0aa1ccad3a5d2211.pdf

University of Tehran Press Iranian Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development Research 2008-4838 52 2 2021 06 22 Estimation of virtual water waste due to wasted products in wholesale fruit and vegetable markets; case study of Tehran city Estimation of virtual water waste due to wasted products in wholesale fruit and vegetable markets; case study of Tehran city 229 246 82426 10.22059/ijaedr.2020.301216.668901 FA Hamed Rafiee Department of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Agricultural Economics and Development, Tehran, Karaj, Iran Narges Shahnabati Department of Agricultural Economics Faculty of Agricultural Economics and Development Tehran, Karaj, Iran Zahra Kiani Feyzabad Department of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Agricultural Economics and Development, Tehran, Karaj, Iran Journal Article 2020 04 23 the results of the present study showed that, the highest percentage of wastage of crops in Tehran's central wholesale fruit and vegetable is for vegetables, celery and tomatoes with 30, 30 and 15 percent. Kiwi, grapefruit and sour lemon have almost no wastage. At the level of Tehran's wholesale fruit and vegetable, the highest amount of wastage is related to lettuce, oranges, vegetables and grapes, with 50, 43, 40 and 40 percent, respectively. The lowest amount of wastage is for watermelon and kiwi with 10%. Also, most of the virtual water wastage is for tomato, potato, watermelon, onion and apple with the amounts of 55824, 39345, 34927, 30432 and 29684 thousand cubic meters. The lowest amount of virtual water losses is for kiwi, beet and cabbage with 109, 144 and 151 thousand cubic meters. the results of the present study showed that, the highest percentage of wastage of crops in Tehran's central wholesale fruit and vegetable is for vegetables, celery and tomatoes with 30, 30 and 15 percent. Kiwi, grapefruit and sour lemon have almost no wastage. At the level of Tehran's wholesale fruit and vegetable, the highest amount of wastage is related to lettuce, oranges, vegetables and grapes, with 50, 43, 40 and 40 percent, respectively. The lowest amount of wastage is for watermelon and kiwi with 10%. Also, most of the virtual water wastage is for tomato, potato, watermelon, onion and apple with the amounts of 55824, 39345, 34927, 30432 and 29684 thousand cubic meters. The lowest amount of virtual water losses is for kiwi, beet and cabbage with 109, 144 and 151 thousand cubic meters.

https://ijaedr.ut.ac.ir/article_82426_61b2c162ad377f5aa306fcff2eadacef.pdf

University of Tehran Press Iranian Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development Research 2008-4838 52 2 2021 06 22 Determinants of the Non-Farm Income of rural households in Neyshabur: Application of Multilevel Tobit Model Determinants of the Non-Farm Income of rural households in Neyshabur: Application of Multilevel Tobit Model 247 262 82427 10.22059/ijaedr.2020.298350.668882 FA Samaneh Iravani Agriculrural Economics Department, Agricultural Faculty, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran Mahmoud Daneshvar Kakhki Professor in Agricultural Economics Department, Agricultural Faculty, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran Mohammad Ghorbani Professor in Agricultural Economics Department Agricultural faculty, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran Alireza Karbasi Professor in Agricultural Economics Department, Agricultural Faculty, Ferdowsi university of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran Journal Article 2020 04 05 Today, the incomes of the rural non-farm sector are an important source for farmers and other rural households, especially those without agricultural land. In this regard, the present study has considered the income structure of rural households in Neyshabur County and and its related factors. Data were obtained by completing a questionnaire and multi-stage stratified random sampling method from 380 rural households in the county during September 2017 to February 2018 .The two-level Tobit model was used to analyze the determinants of rural household income. The results show that that 51.16% of the household average income (21.19 million Tomans) in 2016-2017 from the farm (crop, horticulture, and livestock) and 48.83% from the non-farm sector (non-farm self-employment, wage employment, pension- profit -rent and cash subsidy). The results of estimating the two-level Tobit model for each source of income show that the village factor has not affected the fluctuation of income from crop, horticulture, livestock and non-farm self-employment and has not affected the income from non-farm wages. Also, the results revealed that higher education of the household head only affected non-farm wage income and access to credit only on non-farm self-employment income. It is noteworthy that the increase in the number of households employed if they were engaged in non-farm self-employment has generated more annual household income than all five groups of rural households. According to the results, the policy proposal of this study is to facilitate the establishment of non-farm businesses by improving access to credit and increasing technical and vocational training and skills courses in rural areas. Today, the incomes of the rural non-farm sector are an important source for farmers and other rural households, especially those without agricultural land. In this regard, the present study has considered the income structure of rural households in Neyshabur County and and its related factors. Data were obtained by completing a questionnaire and multi-stage stratified random sampling method from 380 rural households in the county during September 2017 to February 2018 .The two-level Tobit model was used to analyze the determinants of rural household income. The results show that that 51.16% of the household average income (21.19 million Tomans) in 2016-2017 from the farm (crop, horticulture, and livestock) and 48.83% from the non-farm sector (non-farm self-employment, wage employment, pension- profit -rent and cash subsidy). The results of estimating the two-level Tobit model for each source of income show that the village factor has not affected the fluctuation of income from crop, horticulture, livestock and non-farm self-employment and has not affected the income from non-farm wages. Also, the results revealed that higher education of the household head only affected non-farm wage income and access to credit only on non-farm self-employment income. It is noteworthy that the increase in the number of households employed if they were engaged in non-farm self-employment has generated more annual household income than all five groups of rural households. According to the results, the policy proposal of this study is to facilitate the establishment of non-farm businesses by improving access to credit and increasing technical and vocational training and skills courses in rural areas.

https://ijaedr.ut.ac.ir/article_82427_ca57e6cd038ce35bc402518c75b598e4.pdf

University of Tehran Press Iranian Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development Research 2008-4838 52 2 2021 06 22 The Impact of Foreign Trade on Agricultural Added Value Growth (A Case Study: D-8 Group) The Impact of Foreign Trade on Agricultural Added Value Growth (A Case Study: D-8 Group) 263 274 82428 10.22059/ijaedr.2021.33984.667444 FA Esmaeil Pishbahar Associate Professor, Department of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Iran Mohsen Salehi Kamroudi Graduated PhD. ,Department of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Iran Journal Article 2019 09 29 Agricultural value-added growth is important for alleviation of poverty, improvement of food security and growth the other sectors of an economy. To achieve rapid growth in agriculture sector, the effective factors on growth must be identified. In recent years, economists have emphasized on the impact of foreign trade on growth. This study examines the effect of international trade on agricultural growth of D8 countries. The results of this research can be used to establish common trade and agricultural policies within the group. The used data of this study for D8’s agriculture sector in the period 1983-2007 mainly obtained from the FAO and the World Bank. The results emphasize on the positive and significant impact of human and physical capital on D8’s agricultural added-value growth. Also, it is found that import significantly improves added value. Despite the expected, export has not significant impact on agricultural growth. Given the results if this study, it is recommended that agricultural import is used as a channel for transferring technology, increasing competitiveness, providing complementary goods and achieving inputs by the D8 countries. It is better to reduce dependence on import in long term. Agricultural value-added growth is important for alleviation of poverty, improvement of food security and growth the other sectors of an economy. To achieve rapid growth in agriculture sector, the effective factors on growth must be identified. In recent years, economists have emphasized on the impact of foreign trade on growth. This study examines the effect of international trade on agricultural growth of D8 countries. The results of this research can be used to establish common trade and agricultural policies within the group. The used data of this study for D8’s agriculture sector in the period 1983-2007 mainly obtained from the FAO and the World Bank. The results emphasize on the positive and significant impact of human and physical capital on D8’s agricultural added-value growth. Also, it is found that import significantly improves added value. Despite the expected, export has not significant impact on agricultural growth. Given the results if this study, it is recommended that agricultural import is used as a channel for transferring technology, increasing competitiveness, providing complementary goods and achieving inputs by the D8 countries. It is better to reduce dependence on import in long term.

https://ijaedr.ut.ac.ir/article_82428_38c17184f670108804de7d88919a0023.pdf

University of Tehran Press Iranian Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development Research 2008-4838 52 2 2021 06 22 Simultaneous Fulfillment of the Agricultural Sector Economic Goals, Affected by Limited Water Resources in the Framework of the Iran’s Sixth Development Plan: A Case Study of Yazd Province Simultaneous Fulfillment of the Agricultural Sector Economic Goals, Affected by Limited Water Resources in the Framework of the Iran’s Sixth Development Plan: A Case Study of Yazd Province 275 285 82429 10.22059/ijaedr.2020.299556.668890 FA Majid Dehghanizadeh Phd Student of Economics, Department of Economics, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran Sadegh Bakhtiari professor, Department of Economics, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran, (Corresponding Author) Saeed Daekarimzadeh Department of Economics, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan,Iran Journal Article 2020 04 06 The importance of the economic and environmental role of the agricultural sector and limitation of water resources, planning are necessary tools for achieving the maximum objectives of the agricultural sector. In this study, in order to evaluate the simultaneous fulfillment of multiple economic goals in the agricultural sector of Yazd province including increasing production, employment, productivity and minimizing water consumption based on the objectives of the Sixth Development Plan, a combination of Goal Programming and Input-Output models were used. The present study is important and innovative in terms of evaluating the simultaneous fulfillment of sector objectives and related modeling with emphasis on the water factor. based on the productivity, modeling was done in three scenarios. Based on the findings, it is impossible to achieve the goals of the sector simultaneously within the goals of the particular plan due to limited available water. The objectives of production and employment in the sector are not necessarily the same. Also, it is not possible to achieve the ideal amount of production level with the current state of water consumption efficiency. Accordingly, while paying attention to the key factor of water, it is necessary to consider the proposed model of this research and its outputs in the definition of agricultural sector development goals. Operation of productive activities with emphasis on preparing and implementing a suitable cultivation pattern in each region is also a basic condition for achieving the maximum goals of the sector. The importance of the economic and environmental role of the agricultural sector and limitation of water resources, planning are necessary tools for achieving the maximum objectives of the agricultural sector. In this study, in order to evaluate the simultaneous fulfillment of multiple economic goals in the agricultural sector of Yazd province including increasing production, employment, productivity and minimizing water consumption based on the objectives of the Sixth Development Plan, a combination of Goal Programming and Input-Output models were used. The present study is important and innovative in terms of evaluating the simultaneous fulfillment of sector objectives and related modeling with emphasis on the water factor. based on the productivity, modeling was done in three scenarios. Based on the findings, it is impossible to achieve the goals of the sector simultaneously within the goals of the particular plan due to limited available water. The objectives of production and employment in the sector are not necessarily the same. Also, it is not possible to achieve the ideal amount of production level with the current state of water consumption efficiency. Accordingly, while paying attention to the key factor of water, it is necessary to consider the proposed model of this research and its outputs in the definition of agricultural sector development goals. Operation of productive activities with emphasis on preparing and implementing a suitable cultivation pattern in each region is also a basic condition for achieving the maximum goals of the sector.

https://ijaedr.ut.ac.ir/article_82429_ad6a4e9eec154a9eb9ce426ec8bb0790.pdf

University of Tehran Press Iranian Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development Research 2008-4838 52 2 2021 06 22 The discovery of the barriers of agricultural water conservation behavior and related factors: Using a grounded theory approach (the case of Neyshabur Plain in Khorasan Razavi Province) The discovery of the barriers of agricultural water conservation behavior and related factors: Using a grounded theory approach (the case of Neyshabur Plain in Khorasan Razavi Province) 287 308 82430 10.22059/ijaedr.2020.296345.668873 FA Maryam Tajeri Moghadam Department of Extension and Rural Development, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, , Tahriz, Iran Hossein Raheli Department of Extension and Rural Development, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, , Tabriz, Iran. Shapour Zariffian Associate Professor, Department of Extension and Rural Development, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran Masoud Yazdanpanah Associate Professor, Department of Agriculture Extension and Education, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Rural, University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources Khuzestan, Ahvaz, Iran Journal Article 2020 01 22 The main purpose of this study was to discover the obstacles to the water conservation behaviors of farmers through Grounded Theory in Neyshabur plain. The participants consist of the leading farmers in Neyshabur plain, which were selected by purposeful sampling (30 participants). The data were collected via observation, semi-structured interviews, field notes, and documents. Data were coded and analyzed in 74 concepts and 22 categories. In the coding step, the paradigm model considers the lack of water conservation behavior (the main phenomenon), beliefs and misconceptions, fatalism, lack of understanding and responsibility for water scarcity as causal conditions of this phenomenon; dispersal of agricultural lands, financial-economic constraints, planning and government's poor management, lack of partnership and collective agreement, lack of education, lack of trust in experts and government officials from the main contexts of this phenomenon and lack of self-esteem farmers, weak supportive policies of the government, lack of communication between experts and farmers, and lack of livelihoods and benefits for farmers as interfering conditions. Irrigation infrastructure development, creating job security, changing the cultivation pattern, providing educational programs and government banking, and financial support were identified as strategies for this phenomenon. The consequences of this phenomenon were migration from rural to urban areas and institutionalization of water conservation behavior among farmers. The findings of this study can provide mechanisms and strategies to remove barriers to agricultural water conservation behaviors and perform more water conservation behaviors. The main purpose of this study was to discover the obstacles to the water conservation behaviors of farmers through Grounded Theory in Neyshabur plain. The participants consist of the leading farmers in Neyshabur plain, which were selected by purposeful sampling (30 participants). The data were collected via observation, semi-structured interviews, field notes, and documents. Data were coded and analyzed in 74 concepts and 22 categories. In the coding step, the paradigm model considers the lack of water conservation behavior (the main phenomenon), beliefs and misconceptions, fatalism, lack of understanding and responsibility for water scarcity as causal conditions of this phenomenon; dispersal of agricultural lands, financial-economic constraints, planning and government's poor management, lack of partnership and collective agreement, lack of education, lack of trust in experts and government officials from the main contexts of this phenomenon and lack of self-esteem farmers, weak supportive policies of the government, lack of communication between experts and farmers, and lack of livelihoods and benefits for farmers as interfering conditions. Irrigation infrastructure development, creating job security, changing the cultivation pattern, providing educational programs and government banking, and financial support were identified as strategies for this phenomenon. The consequences of this phenomenon were migration from rural to urban areas and institutionalization of water conservation behavior among farmers. The findings of this study can provide mechanisms and strategies to remove barriers to agricultural water conservation behaviors and perform more water conservation behaviors.

https://ijaedr.ut.ac.ir/article_82430_d8c7f0aae60386c567959f381ecbdff9.pdf

University of Tehran Press Iranian Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development Research 2008-4838 52 2 2021 06 22 The Relationship between Cultural Values and Entrepreneurial Intentions of Agriculture Students: A Cross Cultural Analysis The Relationship between Cultural Values and Entrepreneurial Intentions of Agriculture Students: A Cross Cultural Analysis 309 326 82431 10.22059/ijaedr.2020.302675.668910 FA Saeid Karimi Associate Professor, Department of Agricultural Extension and Education, Faculty of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran Ahmad Salman Makreet Teaching Assistant, Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, Faculty of Agriculture, Samangan Higher Education Institute, Samangan, Afghanistan Journal Article 2020 05 16 The purpose of this study was to examine the mechanisms through which cultural values are associated with entrepreneurial motivations and intentions in in two Persian-speaking countries, namely, Iran and Afghanistan. To do so, two cultural values, namely independent and interdependent self-construal, were integrated within the Theory of Planned Behavior. Data were collected by a questionnaire from a sample of 452 agricultural students who were selected from the two public universities in the two countries. The results of structural equation modeling showed that the independent and interdependent self-construal were indirectly related to entrepreneurial intentions via attitude towards entrepreneurship and perceived behavioral control. The results showed that there was not a significant difference between the two countries according to the relationship between the cultural values and the motivational variables of the theory of planned behavior (i.e., attitudes toward entrepreneurship, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control) and the relationship between the motivational variables and entrepreneurial intentions. The finding and implications of this research can let both policy makers and educators for developing effective strategies and promoting entrepreneurship among agriculture students. The purpose of this study was to examine the mechanisms through which cultural values are associated with entrepreneurial motivations and intentions in in two Persian-speaking countries, namely, Iran and Afghanistan. To do so, two cultural values, namely independent and interdependent self-construal, were integrated within the Theory of Planned Behavior. Data were collected by a questionnaire from a sample of 452 agricultural students who were selected from the two public universities in the two countries. The results of structural equation modeling showed that the independent and interdependent self-construal were indirectly related to entrepreneurial intentions via attitude towards entrepreneurship and perceived behavioral control. The results showed that there was not a significant difference between the two countries according to the relationship between the cultural values and the motivational variables of the theory of planned behavior (i.e., attitudes toward entrepreneurship, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control) and the relationship between the motivational variables and entrepreneurial intentions. The finding and implications of this research can let both policy makers and educators for developing effective strategies and promoting entrepreneurship among agriculture students.

https://ijaedr.ut.ac.ir/article_82431_ff4738607ecc05e775cb6f1cbc1147aa.pdf

University of Tehran Press Iranian Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development Research 2008-4838 52 2 2021 06 22 Designing a Model of Values in Higher Agricultural Education of Iran Designing a Model of Values in Higher Agricultural Education of Iran 327 341 82432 10.22059/ijaedr.2020.306705.668932 FA Sonia Souri PhD, Department of Agricultural Extension and Education, Faculty of Economy and Agricultural Development, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran Seyed Mahmood Hosseini Associate Professor, Department of Agricultural Extension and Education, Faculty of Economy and Agricultural Development, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran Yousef Hejazi Associate Professor, Department of Agricultural Extension and Education, Faculty of Economy and Agricultural Development, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran Seyyed Hamid Movahed Mohammadi Associate Professor, Department of Agricultural Extension and Education, Faculty of Economy and Agricultural Development, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran Journal Article 2020 07 21 ABSTRACT The main purpose of the present study was to design a model of values in higher agricultural education in Iran. This research uses a mixed paradigm and applies a exploratory sequential design. The statistical population of the research in the qualitative part consists of faculty members of agricultural colleges. The research tools were open-ended questions the validity of which was confirmed by relevant experts. Data collection method included in-depth interviews with 23 faculty members. The statistical population of the research in the quantitative section consists of graduate students of the public agricultural colleges in Iran, whose number equals to 12925, of which 288 were selected from five agricultural colleges (Tehran, Hamedan, Shiraz, Khuzestan and Zabol) using Cochran's formula and stratified random sampling (with proportional assignment). The data collection tool (quantitative part) was a questionnaire the face and content validity of which was confirmed by relevant professors and experts and its reliability was achieved using Cronbach's alpha coefficient (93/0) . The results (of the qualitative part) showed that the model of values can be divided into four categories: moral values (honesty, magnanimity, trustworthiness, tolerance and humility), social values (trust, generosity, cooperation and teamwork, mutual respect, appreciation and responsibility), individual values (moderation, discipline, precision, perseverance, commitment to the rules and lifelong learning) and academic and professional values (entrepreneurship, creativity, food security, respect for rural-agricultural culture, gender justice and agricultural research values).Furthermore, the results of the research (quantitative part) indicates that based on the fit indices, the general structure of the research model is approved and the model obtained from the results of the qualitative part of the research is consistent with reality. Keywords: Values, Agricultural higher education, Mixed method. ABSTRACT The main purpose of the present study was to design a model of values in higher agricultural education in Iran. This research uses a mixed paradigm and applies a exploratory sequential design. The statistical population of the research in the qualitative part consists of faculty members of agricultural colleges. The research tools were open-ended questions the validity of which was confirmed by relevant experts. Data collection method included in-depth interviews with 23 faculty members. The statistical population of the research in the quantitative section consists of graduate students of the public agricultural colleges in Iran, whose number equals to 12925, of which 288 were selected from five agricultural colleges (Tehran, Hamedan, Shiraz, Khuzestan and Zabol) using Cochran's formula and stratified random sampling (with proportional assignment). The data collection tool (quantitative part) was a questionnaire the face and content validity of which was confirmed by relevant professors and experts and its reliability was achieved using Cronbach's alpha coefficient (93/0) . The results (of the qualitative part) showed that the model of values can be divided into four categories: moral values (honesty, magnanimity, trustworthiness, tolerance and humility), social values (trust, generosity, cooperation and teamwork, mutual respect, appreciation and responsibility), individual values (moderation, discipline, precision, perseverance, commitment to the rules and lifelong learning) and academic and professional values (entrepreneurship, creativity, food security, respect for rural-agricultural culture, gender justice and agricultural research values).Furthermore, the results of the research (quantitative part) indicates that based on the fit indices, the general structure of the research model is approved and the model obtained from the results of the qualitative part of the research is consistent with reality. Keywords: Values, Agricultural higher education, Mixed method.

https://ijaedr.ut.ac.ir/article_82432_72371e068f41faba1115c0e2c874677b.pdf

University of Tehran Press Iranian Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development Research 2008-4838 52 2 2021 06 22 Conceptualization of Networking in Home-based Businesses based on Agricultural Products with a Qualitative Approach Conceptualization of Networking in Home-based Businesses based on Agricultural Products with a Qualitative Approach 343 353 82433 10.22059/ijaedr.2021.311869.668962 FA Ramezan Alizadeh Ph.D. Student, Department of Entrepreneurship, Qazvin Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qazvin, Iran Gholamhossein Hosseininia Associate Professor, Faculty of Entrepreneurship, University of Tehran. Tehran, Iran Mohamadjavad Taghipourian Assistant Professor, Department of Management, Chalous Branch, Islamic Azad University, Chalous, Iran Journal Article 2020 10 14 Networks are important resources for business and entrepreneurship. The purpose of the current research study was to utilize a qualitative approach in order to conceptualize networking in home-based businesses based on agricultural products. Using random sampling method, 31 experts were recruited and interviewed until data saturation was reached. The interviews were then transcribed and after that, the transcribed passages underwent open, axial, and selective coding. These coding procedures were conducted by using MAXQDA software. In order to validate the findings, criteria of credibility, transferability, dependability, and conformability were employed. Results showed that networking in home-based businesses can be identified as eight components including customer-orientedness, key contribution, knowing competitors, good products processing, channels of promotion and sale, suggested values, and material and spiritual supporters that were all conceptualized and their frequencies were estimated. Thus, it is expected that the results of the present study can efficiently contribute, at the theoretical level, to developing theoretical bases and offering new pathways, and at the practical level, to exploiting the target market within the realm of home-based businesses in general, and in agricultural products sector, in specific. It is hoped that such influences can help business owners to improve their current state of affairs. Networks are important resources for business and entrepreneurship. The purpose of the current research study was to utilize a qualitative approach in order to conceptualize networking in home-based businesses based on agricultural products. Using random sampling method, 31 experts were recruited and interviewed until data saturation was reached. The interviews were then transcribed and after that, the transcribed passages underwent open, axial, and selective coding. These coding procedures were conducted by using MAXQDA software. In order to validate the findings, criteria of credibility, transferability, dependability, and conformability were employed. Results showed that networking in home-based businesses can be identified as eight components including customer-orientedness, key contribution, knowing competitors, good products processing, channels of promotion and sale, suggested values, and material and spiritual supporters that were all conceptualized and their frequencies were estimated. Thus, it is expected that the results of the present study can efficiently contribute, at the theoretical level, to developing theoretical bases and offering new pathways, and at the practical level, to exploiting the target market within the realm of home-based businesses in general, and in agricultural products sector, in specific. It is hoped that such influences can help business owners to improve their current state of affairs.

https://ijaedr.ut.ac.ir/article_82433_b2ef2dc65c0a9960223fc71647a95bbd.pdf

University of Tehran Press Iranian Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development Research 2008-4838 52 2 2021 06 22 An Exploration of the Impact of Empowerment through Micro-Credit Funding Upon Starting Rural Sustainable Businesses An Exploration of the Impact of Empowerment through Micro-Credit Funding Upon Starting Rural Sustainable Businesses 355 370 82434 10.22059/ijaedr.2021.282273.668761 FA Mehdi Ghorbani Associate Proffesor, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran Leila Avazpour PhD Candidate of Rangeland Management, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran Ghaem Shariati Niasar Master of Islamic Education and Economics, Imam Sadegh University, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2019 05 27 One of the important strategies for sustainable rural development is developing self-employment among villagers. Empowerment facilitates the process of starting up business by villagers and accelerates rural development. This study investigated the impact of empowerment through micro-cresit funding upon establishing sustainable rural business in Kerman province, Ghale Ganj County, Sorkh Ghale rural district. This research is applied in terms of purpose and it is descriptive in terms of data collection. The statistical population includes members of micro-credit funds members, out of which 518 persons were chosen as research sample through simple random sampling and based on Daniel formula. Research methodology was structural equation modeling and data was analysed applying Liserel8.8 and SPSS25. The research tool is questionnaire which its validity was corrected and confirmed by experts and experts and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient in the empowerment dimension (α = 0.75) and in the business perspective part (α = 0.92) which indicates the high capability for gathering information. Data was analysed applying Liserel8.8 and SPSS25. Findings showed that the dimensions of empowerment have a positive and significant effect, t= 8.64 on inclination to start business with a path coefficient of 0.72. The results showed empowerment dimensions have a positive and direct impact on businesses. In other hand, starting businesses makes a major part of job creation policies and can solve unemployment problems in of local communities. One of the important strategies for sustainable rural development is developing self-employment among villagers. Empowerment facilitates the process of starting up business by villagers and accelerates rural development. This study investigated the impact of empowerment through micro-cresit funding upon establishing sustainable rural business in Kerman province, Ghale Ganj County, Sorkh Ghale rural district. This research is applied in terms of purpose and it is descriptive in terms of data collection. The statistical population includes members of micro-credit funds members, out of which 518 persons were chosen as research sample through simple random sampling and based on Daniel formula. Research methodology was structural equation modeling and data was analysed applying Liserel8.8 and SPSS25. The research tool is questionnaire which its validity was corrected and confirmed by experts and experts and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient in the empowerment dimension (α = 0.75) and in the business perspective part (α = 0.92) which indicates the high capability for gathering information. Data was analysed applying Liserel8.8 and SPSS25. Findings showed that the dimensions of empowerment have a positive and significant effect, t= 8.64 on inclination to start business with a path coefficient of 0.72. The results showed empowerment dimensions have a positive and direct impact on businesses. In other hand, starting businesses makes a major part of job creation policies and can solve unemployment problems in of local communities.

https://ijaedr.ut.ac.ir/article_82434_1e379ff3441ed0a671ed872f141c796b.pdf

University of Tehran Press Iranian Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development Research 2008-4838 52 2 2021 06 22 Factors Affecting the Women`s Entrepreneurship Development of the members in Agricultural Development Specialized Holding Companies of Fars Province Factors Affecting the Women`s Entrepreneurship Development of the members in Agricultural Development Specialized Holding Companies of Fars Province 371 388 82435 10.22059/ijaedr.2020.305497.668922 FA Marjan Golkarfard Former Graduate Student, Department of Agricultural Extension and Education, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran. Kurosh Rezaei-Moghaddam Professor of Department of Agricultural Extension and Education, School of Agriculture, University of Shiraz, Shiraz, Iran Mahsa Fatemi Assistant Professor of Department of Agricultural Extension and Education, School of Agriculture, University of Shiraz, Shiraz, Iran Journal Article 2020 07 07 Small-sized businesses and rural entrepreneurship play a major role in improving the life situation of villagers especially the rural women. Today, women`s participation is regarded as a fundamental tool for development, which the formation of small-sized businesses and entrance into entrepreneurship or self-employment are considered as one of its main fields in rural community. The main aim of the study was to analyze factors affecting the development of rural women`s entrepreneurial activities who are the members of Agricultural Development Specialized Holding Companies in Fars Province. The statistical population was 3033 individuals as all of the companies` members of the three main pioneer companies in Shiraz, Marvdasht and Estahban counties. A sample of 393 rural women was selected through multi-stage stratified random sampling using Krejcie and Morgan table. The required data was collected by survey technique using questionnaire. The face validity and reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed by a panel of specialist at Shiraz Unicersity as well as a pilot study among 30 rural women out of the main sample in Siakh-Darenjan. The range of Cronbach`s alpha was between 0.68 and 0.98. Data analysis was done through SPSS19. The findings of research showed that variables such as directors' managerial power, entrepreneurial training, entrepreneurial motivation, promoting policies, marketing activities, creativity, skills in compiling a business plan and the effectiveness of information have been able of predicting 54% of developmental changes in entrepreneurial activities. The variable of directors' managerial power depicted the highest power of predicting the variable of developing entrepreneurial activities. Small-sized businesses and rural entrepreneurship play a major role in improving the life situation of villagers especially the rural women. Today, women`s participation is regarded as a fundamental tool for development, which the formation of small-sized businesses and entrance into entrepreneurship or self-employment are considered as one of its main fields in rural community. The main aim of the study was to analyze factors affecting the development of rural women`s entrepreneurial activities who are the members of Agricultural Development Specialized Holding Companies in Fars Province. The statistical population was 3033 individuals as all of the companies` members of the three main pioneer companies in Shiraz, Marvdasht and Estahban counties. A sample of 393 rural women was selected through multi-stage stratified random sampling using Krejcie and Morgan table. The required data was collected by survey technique using questionnaire. The face validity and reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed by a panel of specialist at Shiraz Unicersity as well as a pilot study among 30 rural women out of the main sample in Siakh-Darenjan. The range of Cronbach`s alpha was between 0.68 and 0.98. Data analysis was done through SPSS19. The findings of research showed that variables such as directors' managerial power, entrepreneurial training, entrepreneurial motivation, promoting policies, marketing activities, creativity, skills in compiling a business plan and the effectiveness of information have been able of predicting 54% of developmental changes in entrepreneurial activities. The variable of directors' managerial power depicted the highest power of predicting the variable of developing entrepreneurial activities.

https://ijaedr.ut.ac.ir/article_82435_780e8f607266e69d7f8296041404c344.pdf

University of Tehran Press Iranian Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development Research 2008-4838 52 2 2021 06 22 Investigating the Effect of Exchange Rate Risk and Economic Growth Rate on Banks' Performance Investigating the Effect of Exchange Rate Risk and Economic Growth Rate on Banks' Performance 389 404 82436 10.22059/ijaedr.2021.317731.669004 FA Hamed Seifollahi Onar MSc. Student of Economics (Islamic Banking), Faculty of Economics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Hamid Abrishmi Professor, Department of Economics, University of Tehran,Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2021 01 23 Due to the insufficient development of the capital market and the inefficiencies in this market, the banking industry in Iran is responsible for the long-term and short-term financing of enterprises through the provision of facilities. In recent years, the banking industry has faced several challenges, the most important of which is non-current receivables. In this study, the effect of exchange rate risk and economic growth rate on the performance of banks in the dimension of non-current receivables in the period 2008-2018 has been investigated. The statistical population of the study is all banks in the country, of which 15 banks have been selected as a sample based on the availability of their data. After ensuring the significance of the research variables, the estimation of the econometric model was performed by ordinary least squares models and fixed effects, as well as by panel data technique using the generalized torque model. Findings showed that the exchange rate risk variable had a positive and significant effect on non-current receivables of the studied banks and also the variables of economic growth rate and facility interest rate had a negative and significant effect on non-current receivables. Among the variables, the remaining three variables, the ratio of receivables of a previous period, the exchange rate risk variable and the facility interest rate, had the most impact on the dependent variable. The findings of this study can be effective in moving banks to pay more attention to variables affecting receivables and improve their performance. Due to the insufficient development of the capital market and the inefficiencies in this market, the banking industry in Iran is responsible for the long-term and short-term financing of enterprises through the provision of facilities. In recent years, the banking industry has faced several challenges, the most important of which is non-current receivables. In this study, the effect of exchange rate risk and economic growth rate on the performance of banks in the dimension of non-current receivables in the period 2008-2018 has been investigated. The statistical population of the study is all banks in the country, of which 15 banks have been selected as a sample based on the availability of their data. After ensuring the significance of the research variables, the estimation of the econometric model was performed by ordinary least squares models and fixed effects, as well as by panel data technique using the generalized torque model. Findings showed that the exchange rate risk variable had a positive and significant effect on non-current receivables of the studied banks and also the variables of economic growth rate and facility interest rate had a negative and significant effect on non-current receivables. Among the variables, the remaining three variables, the ratio of receivables of a previous period, the exchange rate risk variable and the facility interest rate, had the most impact on the dependent variable. The findings of this study can be effective in moving banks to pay more attention to variables affecting receivables and improve their performance.

https://ijaedr.ut.ac.ir/article_82436_2ddfa7e737d3a113ad267af8573203e5.pdf

University of Tehran Press Iranian Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development Research 2008-4838 52 2 2021 06 22 Analysis of Factors Affecting Consumption of Transgenic Products and Food integrity Comprehensiveness Among Shiraz University Students Analysis of Factors Affecting Consumption of Transgenic Products and Food integrity Comprehensiveness Among Shiraz University Students 405 421 82437 10.22059/ijaedr.2021.313207.668971 FA Fatemeh Badghan M.Sc. Student, Department of Agricultural Extension and Education, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran Razieh Namdar Assistant Professor, Department of Agricultural Extension and Education, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran Journal Article 2020 11 06 Rising demand for food production is a serious threat to global food security and future generations face food shortages and poverty. Today, common ways to increase food production are in responding to food security threats, including population growth, limited production resources, climate change, and political instability, does not meet the world's needs. Scientific developments and biotechnological applications such as transgenic products are of importance. Transgenic products, are a new scientific development that is of particular importance because of their significant impact on key areas such as food production. If transgenic products are a solution to the world's food challenges, it is important for officials to know and understand the core of society's responses to scientific innovations and their products.Therefore, this study was conducted to analyze the factors affecting the consumption of transgenic products and food integrity.This research has been conducted using survey technique. The measurement tool in this study was the researcher-made questionnaire with closed-ended questions. The validity of questionnaire was confirmed using the opinions of faculty members in Shiraz University and the reliability of the questionnaire was calculated using Cronbach's alpha tests for variables measured using the Likert spectrum among students outside the study community. The statistical population of the present study includes 15575 students of Shiraz University. The sample size was estimated at 385 according to Morgan's table. The study samples were selected by stratified random sampling method with appropriate proportions for participation in the study. Data were analyzed using SPSS and AMOS. Statistical tests showed that the alpha coefficients of the scales for measuring variables in the questionnaire were in acceptable position. Based on the findings, some variables include trust, moral norms, environmental concerns and attitudes towards genetics and transgenic products showed high correlations with the consumption of transgenic products. Structural equation modeling showed that the food integrity variables, as a mediating variable, showed a good prediction of transgenic products consumption. The food integrity variable coefficient has affected (0.62) the consumption of transgenic products. Then, among the variables explaining the consumption of transgenic products, the variables of environmental and environmental concerns (0.43) and attitude towards transgenic products with path coefficient (0.28) and health concern (0.22), respectively had the greatest effects. Cultural factors (0.12) attitudes toward genetic science (0.11), and the variable of knowledge about transgenes with a path coefficient (0.04) showed the least impact on the consumption of transgenic crops. In addition to the information provided, some important relationships in the model and the indirect effects of variables in relation to the consumption of transgenic products are mentioned. The findings of this study indicate the importance of sensitivity to determinants of food integrity, as well as factors including environmental concerns, health and ethical norms as important factors predicting the consumption of transgenic products. This results in the fact that the consumption of transgenic substances is not only affected by the specific conditions of production of these products, but also by several factors in the various processes of processing and distribution of products and consumer conditions affecting consumption. Rising demand for food production is a serious threat to global food security and future generations face food shortages and poverty. Today, common ways to increase food production are in responding to food security threats, including population growth, limited production resources, climate change, and political instability, does not meet the world's needs. Scientific developments and biotechnological applications such as transgenic products are of importance. Transgenic products, are a new scientific development that is of particular importance because of their significant impact on key areas such as food production. If transgenic products are a solution to the world's food challenges, it is important for officials to know and understand the core of society's responses to scientific innovations and their products.Therefore, this study was conducted to analyze the factors affecting the consumption of transgenic products and food integrity.This research has been conducted using survey technique. The measurement tool in this study was the researcher-made questionnaire with closed-ended questions. The validity of questionnaire was confirmed using the opinions of faculty members in Shiraz University and the reliability of the questionnaire was calculated using Cronbach's alpha tests for variables measured using the Likert spectrum among students outside the study community. The statistical population of the present study includes 15575 students of Shiraz University. The sample size was estimated at 385 according to Morgan's table. The study samples were selected by stratified random sampling method with appropriate proportions for participation in the study. Data were analyzed using SPSS and AMOS. Statistical tests showed that the alpha coefficients of the scales for measuring variables in the questionnaire were in acceptable position. Based on the findings, some variables include trust, moral norms, environmental concerns and attitudes towards genetics and transgenic products showed high correlations with the consumption of transgenic products. Structural equation modeling showed that the food integrity variables, as a mediating variable, showed a good prediction of transgenic products consumption. The food integrity variable coefficient has affected (0.62) the consumption of transgenic products. Then, among the variables explaining the consumption of transgenic products, the variables of environmental and environmental concerns (0.43) and attitude towards transgenic products with path coefficient (0.28) and health concern (0.22), respectively had the greatest effects. Cultural factors (0.12) attitudes toward genetic science (0.11), and the variable of knowledge about transgenes with a path coefficient (0.04) showed the least impact on the consumption of transgenic crops. In addition to the information provided, some important relationships in the model and the indirect effects of variables in relation to the consumption of transgenic products are mentioned. The findings of this study indicate the importance of sensitivity to determinants of food integrity, as well as factors including environmental concerns, health and ethical norms as important factors predicting the consumption of transgenic products. This results in the fact that the consumption of transgenic substances is not only affected by the specific conditions of production of these products, but also by several factors in the various processes of processing and distribution of products and consumer conditions affecting consumption.

https://ijaedr.ut.ac.ir/article_82437_d16c2ad8f638385f8edb6f89f639f38f.pdf

University of Tehran Press Iranian Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development Research 2008-4838 52 2 2021 06 22 Analyzing the Impact of EDB on Employment in Agriculture, Industry and Services Sectors (case study: 31 provinces of Iran) Analyzing the Impact of EDB on Employment in Agriculture, Industry and Services Sectors (case study: 31 provinces of Iran) 423 440 82640 10.22059/ijaedr.2021.298766.668885 FA Mehrdad Zarenejad Ph.D. Student in Entrepreneurship, Aliabad Katoul Branch, Islamic Azad University, Aliabad Katoul, Iran Shahryar Zaroki Associate Professor in Economics, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran Mohamad Bagher Gorji Assistant Professor in Management, Aliabad Katoul Branch, Islamic Azad University, Aliabad Katoul, Iran Journal Article 2020 04 24 This study aimed to investigate the impact of improving business environment on employment with considering the importance of employment and its impact on improving the business environment. For this purpose, in estimating the model in the form of a basic model at three levels (agriculture, industry and services) and two scenarios at each level, the method of panel data and seasonal data (2017:3 -2019:2) of 31 provinces has been used. The results of the estimations in each sector show that in the provinces where the employment rate of agriculture or industry or services is higher than other provinces, the effect of EBD on employment rate is positive. Of course, the sensitivity of the employment of the agricultural sector to the EDB that has a low elasticity and is equal to 0.34. Another finding is that, unlike in developed and developing provinces, where the EDB has no effect on the employment rate of the agricultural sector; In less development provinces, this effect is positive and equal to 0.1. Also, the positive effect of EDB on industrial employment rate has been observed only for developed provinces with a coefficient of 0.87. However, in this group of provinces, improving the business environment has an inverse effect equal to -0.03 on the employment rate of services and does not have a significant effect in developing and less development provinces. This study aimed to investigate the impact of improving business environment on employment with considering the importance of employment and its impact on improving the business environment. For this purpose, in estimating the model in the form of a basic model at three levels (agriculture, industry and services) and two scenarios at each level, the method of panel data and seasonal data (2017:3 -2019:2) of 31 provinces has been used. The results of the estimations in each sector show that in the provinces where the employment rate of agriculture or industry or services is higher than other provinces, the effect of EBD on employment rate is positive. Of course, the sensitivity of the employment of the agricultural sector to the EDB that has a low elasticity and is equal to 0.34. Another finding is that, unlike in developed and developing provinces, where the EDB has no effect on the employment rate of the agricultural sector; In less development provinces, this effect is positive and equal to 0.1. Also, the positive effect of EDB on industrial employment rate has been observed only for developed provinces with a coefficient of 0.87. However, in this group of provinces, improving the business environment has an inverse effect equal to -0.03 on the employment rate of services and does not have a significant effect in developing and less development provinces.

https://ijaedr.ut.ac.ir/article_82640_cb48fc161f412b6d489543a3e49c5282.pdf