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0 اثرات رفاهی کاهش تعرفه گمرکی واردات چوب به ایران: کاربرد سیستم تقاضای تقریباً ایده‌آل درجه دو Welfare Impacts of Tariff Reduction of Imported Wood in Iran: Application of Quadratic Relatively Ideal Demand System https://ijaedr.ut.ac.ir/article_59701.html 10.22059/ijaedr.2016.59701 0 با توجه به افزایش تقاضا برای محصولات چوبی در کشور و محدودیت منابع داخلی، واردات چوب و فرآورده‌های چوبی از اهمیت به­سزایی برخوردار می‌باشد. از جمله سیاست‌های داخلی که در بازار چوب وارداتی مشهود است، اعمال موانع تعرفه‌ای و غیر تعرفه‌ای است. اطلاع از واکنش تقاضاکنندگان در مقابل تغییرات قیمت می‌تواند در تعیین و اعمال میزان موانع یاد شده و یا کاهش آن‌ها حایز اهمیت باشد. لذا، در این مطالعه ضمن برآورد سیستم تقاضای تقریباً ایده‌آل درجه دو برای چوب خام، واسطه و نهایی وارداتی و چوب خام داخلی طی سال‌های1390-1361، شاخص رفاهی تغییرات جبرانی ناشی از کاهش تعرفه گمرکی انواع چوب محاسبه شده است. نتایج مطالعه بیانگر وجود رابطه جانشینی بین چوب‌های وارداتی است. همچنین، برآورد شاخص تغییرات جبرانی نشان می‌دهد که کاهش تعرفه انواع چوب‌های وارداتی منجر به افزایش رفاه گروه تقاضاکنندگان چوب می‌گردد و تغییرات مخارج تقاضاکنندگان چوب در نتیجه کاهش تعرفه گمرکی چوب واسطه وارداتی، بیشتر از دو گروه دیگر می‌باشد. با توجه به افزایش رفاه تقاضاکنندگان چوب که مجموع کارگزاران اقتصادی تقاضاکننده چوب وارداتی و داخلی می‌باشند، شاید بتوان توصیه نمود، تعرفه واردات چوب بر اساس یک برنامه زمانی کاهش یابد. در این برنامه زمانی لازم است مواردی مانند روابط بین انواع چوب و امکان تطابق صنایع وابسته مورد توجه قرار گیرد. همچنین، پیشنهاد می‌شود مدیریت واحدی بر هر دو گروه از چوب حاکم باشد تا آثار سیاست‌های اتخاذ شده در مجموع بازار چوب مورد توجه قرار گیرد. 1 According to the increasing demand for wood products and limited domestic resources, wood and wood products imports, as one of the easily available and widespread ways in international context, is very important.  Among the policy on the imported wood market is applying a tariff and non-tariff barriers. Understanding the reaction importers against the change priced is important to be determined and applied or reduction of these barriers. The aim of this paper is an empirical investigation of the QUAIDS for unprocessed, half-processed and processed wood imports and unprocessed domestic wood during 1982-2011. Also, we calculate the compensating variation cause by reduction in tariffs. The results shows a substitution relation between imported woods and substitution relation between domestic and imported unprocessed wood as well as complementary relation between domestic unprocessed wood and imported half-processed wood and processed wood. Also, Compensating Variation index shows by tariff reduction change in Appliers expenditure for half-processed wood is higher than those of two others groups. Due to the use of the excessive harvesting of forests and assist tariff reduction to reduce the pressure on domestic forests, is recommended to reduce the tariffs based on temporal plan. This temporal plan is necessary be considered the possibility of compliance related industries. Also the tariff reduction according to requirements of WTO is important which IRAN is trying to join the organization. Thus, it is proposed that the wood products as a whole to be managed by the same administrative system expecting to take into consideration the whole of wood market. 271 284 قاسم لیانی ghasem layani دانشجوی دکتری اقتصاد کشاورزی Iran ghasem.layani.su@gmail.com عبدالکریم اسماعیلی abdolkarim esmaeili استاد بخش Iran esmaeili68@yahoo.com Wood Import QUAIDS Elasticity Compensating variation welfare Adeli, K. (2012). Study of wood market and timber harvest level planning based on the principle of sustainable development in Iran. Phd thesis. Department of natural resources of sari. (In Farsi)##Arabatizis, G. & Klonaris, S. (2009). An analysis of Greek wood and wood product imports: Evidence from the linear quadratic AIDS. 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Journal of Management and Budget. 17(2): 65-95.##Jing, X., Mittelhammer, R. & Heckelei, T. (2004). A QUAIDS Model of  Japanese Meat Demand. American Agricultural Economics Association, Denver, Colorado, USA.##Johansson, P.O. (1993). Cost-Benefit Analysis of Environmental Changes. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, New York, USA.  232 pp.##Khan, S.M. (1975). The Structure and Behavior of Imports of Venezuela. Review of Economics and Statistics. 57: 24-221.##Khorami Moghaddam, S. & Bakhshoodeh, M. (2007). Economic appraisal of timberwork in Gilan province. The 6th Iranian conference on agricultural economics. Mahhad, 1: 189-196. (In Farsi).##Khosravinejhad, A.A. (2010). Measuring the Welfare Effects of Subsidies on Basic Commodities Urban Households in IRAN. Business Research. 50: 1-31. (In Farsi)##Kohli, U. (2004). Real GDP, Real Domestic Income, and terms of trade change. Journal of International Economics. 62: 83-108.##Lee, J.H., Koo, W.W. & Krause, M.A. (1994). 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0 تحلیل اثر افزایش قیمت حامل‌های انرژی بر تورم در بخش کشاورزی Analyzing the Effects of Increasing in Price of Energy Carriers on Inflation of Agriculture Sector https://ijaedr.ut.ac.ir/article_59702.html 10.22059/ijaedr.2016.59702 0 با توجه به بحث اجرای مرحله دوم  هدفمندی یارانه­ها و تاثیر تورم مرحله اول هدفمندی بر اقتصاد کشور، برآورد مقدار تورم مجدد به­خصوص در بخش کشاورزی ضروری است. در این پژوهش که در چارچوب الگوی تحلیل داده–ستانده و مدل‏های قیمت، مطرح شده است اثر افزایش قیمت حامل­های انرژی بر تورم بخش­های مختلف تولیدی از جمله بخش کشاورزی مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. نتایج تعدیل قیمت حامل­های انرژی تا سطح قیمت‏های فوب خلیج فارس گویای آن است که تورم کل تا 47/65 درصد افزایش خواهد یافت. در بخش کشاورزی نیز زیربخش ماهیگیری با 89/62 درصد، بالاترین تورم را خواهد داشت و پس از آن زیربخش های جنگلداری، دامداری و زراعت به ترتیب با38/30، 28/30و76/7 درصد قرار دارند. با توجه به نقش کلیدی بخش کشاورزی برای تولید غذا، پیشنهاد می‏شود در صورت اجرایی شدن مرحله دوم هدفمندی، دولت با مکانیسم­های مناسب این بخش را حمایت نماید. 1 In regard to both implementation of the second phase of targeted subsidizes and the effect of inflation resulted from first phase of it on economic of country, inflation content estimation on economic of country especially agriculture sector is necessary. In this research, the effects of increasing price of energy carriers on inflation in various reproduction sectors such as agriculture was investigated, based on input–output technique and price models. The results of adjustment price of energy carriers’ price up to Persian Gulf FOB level have been shown that total inflation will increase to 65.47 percent. In agriculture sector maximum inflation will be 62.89 percent in fishing sub sector and then forest (30.38), livestock (30.28) and agronomy (7.76) sub sectors were located in respectively. Finally, regarding to the key role of agriculture sector for food production, it is suggested that in the case of implementation of the second phase of targeted subsidies, government must support this sector by proper mechanism. 285 291 حمیدرضا میرزایی خلیل آبادی hamid reza mirzaei khalilabadi دانشگاه شهید باهنر کرمان Iran mirzaei_hr@yahoo.com زهره احمدی - - دانشگاه شهید باهنر کرمان Iran zohreahmadi50@yahoo.com "Agriculture" "energy carriers" "inflation" "input-output table" "subsidies" Ahmadi, Z. (2011). Analysis and investigation the effects of targeted subsidies of energy carriers in inflation, production and employment in agricultural sector of Iran. MSc thesis, shahid bahonar university, Kerman, Iran. (In Farsi).##Askari, J. & Bakhtiyar M. (2009) Consequences of energy carriers  price increases on the table energy input-output. Third International Conference on Input – Output, Iran. (In Farsi).##Berument, H. & Talpcy, H. (2000). Inflationary Effect of Crude Oil Prices in Turkey Department of Economics, Bilkent University , Turkey, 316, 568-580.##Eslami Andargoli, M. Sadeghi, H. & Mohammadi Khabbazan,  M. (2013).  Analyzes of the effects of increasing in price of energy carriers on inflation of agriculture sector.  Quarterly Journal of the Economic Research, 13(2), 85-106(In Farsi).##Jafari Samimi, A., Esnaashari, A. & Mehnatfar, Y. (2005). investigate the economic impacts of gasoline subsidy on economic growth of Iran: An empirical analysis. Bulletin of Economic, 5(4), 11-44. (In Farsi).##Karimi, S., Jafari Samimi, A. & Mehnatfar, Y. (2007) Economic Assessment of Gasoline Subsidy and Its Impact on Inflation in Iran: An Empirical Study (1971- 2004). Quarterly Journal of the Economic Research, 7(1), 43-60. (In Farsi).##Lin, B. & Jiang, Z. (2011).  Estimates of Energy Subsidies in China and Impact of Energy Subsidy Reform.  Energy Economics, 33(2),  173-183.##Ministry of Energy.(2006). Energy balance. (In Farsi).##Ministry of Energy.(2006). Input-output table. (In Farsi). ##10. Mohseni Zenozi, J. (2001) Analysis and Consequences of energy carriers  price increases on general level of prices in Iran  by using input-output method. M.Sc.thesis, university of Emam Sadegh, Iran. (In Farsi).##11. Soheili, K. (2007).The impact of technological improvements in agricultural production on a long-term energy demand in this sector, using economic and technical models MEDEE-S. Eqtesad- E Keshavarzi va Towse’e, 15(60),45-53(In Farsi).##World bank (2003), Iran Medium Term Framework for Transition, Social and Economic Development Group East and North Africa Region, Report No.25848.##

0 تحلیل انرژی تولید هندوانه تحت سیستم کشت زیر پلاستیک و فضای باز با روش DEA در خوزستان Analysis Of Watermelon Production Energy Under Plastic Culture And Open-Field Systems Using DEA Method In Khuzestan https://ijaedr.ut.ac.ir/article_59703.html 10.22059/ijaedr.2016.59703 0 روش تحلیل پوششی داده‏ها برای تحلیل مزارع کارا، تعیین مزارع کارا از ناکارا و شناسایی مصرف بیهوده انرژی برای تولیدکنندگان هندوانه در منطقه خوزستان استفاده شد. داده‏ها با استفاده پرسشنامه حضوری از 125 تولیدکننده هندوانه جمع‏آوری شد. نتایج نشان داد که کل انرژی ورودی در دو سیستم زیر پلاستیک و فضای باز هندوانه به‌ترتیب 64/39 و 92/38 گیگاژول بر هکتار بود. بیشترین سهم از کل انرژی ورودی در بین نهاده‌ها در سیستم زیر پلاستیک، پلاستیک با 34، کود شیمیایی با 22 و سوخت دیزل با 17 درصد بودند. در حالی‏که در سیستم فضای باز بیشترین سهم از نهاده‏ها برای سوخت دیزل، کود شیمیایی و آب آبیاری به‏ترتیب با مقادیر 37، 27 و 14 درصد از انرژی مصرفی کل بود. متوسط مقادیر کارایی فنی خالص و کارایی فنی در تولید هندوانه در سیستم زیر پلاستیک به ترتیب به ترتیب 98/0 و 82/0 بودند. در تولید هندوانه در سیستم فضای باز به‏ترتیب این مقادیر 98/0 و 76/0 محاسبه شد. همچنین، نتایج نشان داد که اگر تولیدکننده از بسته پیشنهادی توسط DEA پیروی کند؛ به‏ترتیب تقریباً 69/4 و 21/10 گیگاژول بر هکتار در سیستم‏های تولید هندوانه در زیر پلاستیک و فضای باز در همه مزارع ناکارا می‏تواند ذخیره شود. 1 Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) technique was used to analyze the efficiency of farmes, discriminate efficient farms from inefficient ones and to identify wasteful uses of energy for orange producers in Khouzestan region. Data were collected from 125 watermelon producer by using a face-to-face questionnaire. Results revealed that total energy consumption in plastic culture and open-field watermelon production systems was 39.64 and 38.92 GJ/ha, respectively. The Highest share of total energy for watermelon production in plastic culture system were plastic with 34%, fertilizer with 22% and diesel fuel with 17%. While the highest share of total energy in watermelon in open-field system were observed for diesel fuel, fertilizer and irrigation water whit 37%, 27% and 14%, respectively. The average of technical efficiency and pure technical efficiency for watermelon production in plastic culture system were 0.82 and 0.98. Whereas, the values for watermelon production in open-field system were 0.76 and 0.98 respectively. The results also revealed that about 4.69 and 10.21 GJ/ha in all inefficient units in plastic culture and open-field watermelon production systems could be saved if the producers follow the input package recommended by the DEA respectively. 293 301 زینت عبداللهی آرپناهی - - دانشگاه کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی خوزستان Iran zinatarpanahi@yahoo.com افشین مرزبان - - استادیار-دانشگاه کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی رامین خوزستان Iran afshinmarzban@hotmail.com محمدامین آسودار - - استاد دانشگاه کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی رامین Iran asoodar@yahoo.com عباس عبدشاهی - - استادیار دانشگاه کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی رامین خوزستان Iran ahmadreza78@yahoo.com Plasticulture system DEA technique Fertilizer Diesel fuel Technical efficiency Abdolkarim-zadeh, M. R. (2006). Plasticulture. Tehran. Morsel. P. 93. (In Farsi).##Anonymous. (2012). Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO). Retrieved from: http://apps.fao.org/faostat.##Anonymous. (2013). Statistics and Information Office of Agricultural Ministry. 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International Journal of Advanced Biological and Biomedical Research. 2 (3): 639-649.##Heidari, M. D. & Omid, M. (2011). Energy use pattern and econometric models of major greenhouse vegetable production in Iran. Energy. 36: 220-225.##Hossein Panahi, F. & Kafi, M. (2012). A comparative study on energy use and economic analysis of commercial and traditional potato production farms of Kurdistan province of Iran. International Journal of Farming and Allied Sciences. 1 (1): 1-8.##10. Hu, J. L., & C. H. Kao. (2007). Efficient energy-saving targets for APEC economies. Energy Policy. 35(1): 373-382.##11. Kuswardhani, N., Soni, Peeyush. & Shivakoti, G. P. (2013). Comparative energy input- output and financial analyses of greenhouse and open field vegetables production in west java, Indonesia. Energy. 53: 83-92.##12. Loghmanpour, R., Ghasempour, A. & Mostafavi, S. M. (2013). A comparative study on energy use of greenhouse and open-field cucumber production systems in Iran. 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0 شناسایی عوامل تأثیرگذار بر تخصیص اعتبارات به فعالیت‌های کشاورزی (مطالعه موردی: پسته‌کاران شهرستان سیرجان) Identification Factors Affecting on Agricultural Credits Allocation (Cease Study: Pistachio Growers in Sirjan) https://ijaedr.ut.ac.ir/article_59704.html 10.22059/ijaedr.2016.59704 0 عرضه اعتبارات به کشاورزان به علت اهمیت اعتبارات در جهت تضمین کارایی فرآیند تولید ضروری است. هدف از انجام این مطالعه، شناسایی عوامل مؤثر بر تخصیص اعتبارات به فعالیت­های کشاورزی و عوامل مؤثر بر احتمال عدم باز پرداخت اعتبارات دریافتی می­باشد. برای انجام این تحقیق 196 نفر از کشاورزان و مشتریانی که از بانک کشاورزی تسهیلات دریافت کردند، به صورت تصادفی انتخاب شدند. آمار و اطلاعات لازم از طریق تکمیل پرسشنامه و بررسی پرونده مشتریان طی سال­های 1389-1392 گردآوری شد. جهت شناسایی عوامل مؤثر بر اعتبارات تخصیص یافته به فعالیت­های کشاورزی از مدل توبیت استفاده شد. بر اساس این مدل، در سطح اطمینان 95 درصد متغیرهای سن، سطح تحصیلات، تجربه، درآمد سالیانه فعالیت غیرکشاورزی و میزان اعتبار دریافتی با تخصیص اعتبارات به فعالیت­های کشاورزی رابطه مستقیم و معناداری دارند؛ در حالی که متغیر اندازه خانوار رابطه معکوسی با تخصیص اعتبارات به فعالیت­های کشاورزی دارد. همچنین، مدل­سازی احتمال عدم باز پرداخت اعتبارات دریافتی با استفاده از مدل لاجیت چندگانه انجام شد. در این مدل متغیرهای سن، تحصیلات، ارزش دارایی و درآمد ماهیانه متقاضی رابطه معکوس و متغیر جنسیت رابطه مستقیم و معناداری در سطح اطمینان 95 درصد با عدم احتمال باز پرداخت اعتبارات دارند. بر اساس نتایج حاصل از تحقیق پیشنهاداتی ارایه گردید. 1 Supply of credits to farmers is necessary because of the importance of credits in order to assurance the efficiency of production process. The purpose of this study is identification factors affecting on credits allocation to agricultural activities and factors affecting on probability failure to repay of credits received. In this study, 196 farmers and customers who have received loans from the Agricultural Bank were randomly selected. Statistics and necessary information were collected by questionnaires and investigation of customers file for the years 2010 -2013. Factors affecting on credits allocated to the agricultural activities was identified using Tobit model. Based on this model, there was a direct and significant relation at level of confidence 95 percent among variables of age, educational levels, experience, annual income from non-agricultural activities, amount of credits received and credits allocated to agricultural activities. There was an inverse and significant relation among variable of family size and credits allocated to agricultural activities. Also, probability failure to repay of credits received modeling was done using Logit Multinomial model. In this model, there was an inverse and significant relation at level of confidence 95 percent among variables of age, educational levels, value of the assets, monthly income of the applicant and probability failure to repay of credits. Gender had a direct and significant relation with probability failure to repay of credits. Based on the results of this study suggestions were presented. 303 311 غلامرضا زمانیان - - استادیار گروه اقتصاد دانشگاه سیستان و بلوچستان Iran zamanian@eco.usb.ac.ir نسرین اوحدی nasrin ohadi -- Iran nasrin.ohadi@yahoo.com Tobit Model Logit Model Credit Allocation Credit Repayment Sirjan Azaripanah, Sh. & Falahshams, M. (2013). Investigating the relationship between probability of default and capital structure by KMV model. Financial Knowledge of Securities Analysis, 6(18), 85-96. (In Farsi)## Cheraghi, D. & Piroz, A. (2013). Factors affecting on agricultural credit allocation and constraint analyses of farmers in east azarbayjan province.  Agricultural Economics and Development. 22(86), 115-135. (In Farsi)##Dahmarde, N., Shahraki, J., Sefodin, S. & Esfandiari, M. (2012).  Loan Customers Validation Using Credit Scoring model (Case Study : Sepah Bank Branches Zahedan).Management Research, 5(18), 135-152.(In Farsi)##Ezedinma, Y., Anthony, F.O.C. & Onazi. A.O. (1995). Introduction to agriculture: British educational publishers (low price) books scheme. 15-16.##Falahshams, M. & Mahdavirad, H. (2010). Validating Model and Risk Forecasting for Leasing Customers (Case Study: Iran Khodro Leasing Company), Economics Research, 12(44),213-234. (In Farsi)##Greene, W. (2000). Econometrics analysis, 4th ed. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs.##Izadian, N. & Alinaghian., N. (2011).Identification effective factors on dividend by Logit Model. Journal of Financial Accounting Research, 3(1), 21-38. (In Farsi)##John, K.M.k., Isaac, D.O. & Asuming-Brempong, S. (2012). Agricultural credit allocation and constraint, analyses of selected maize farmers in Ghana. British Journal of Economics Management & Trade, 2(4):353-374##McDonald, J.F. & Moffi,  R.A. (1982). The uses of Tobit analysis. Review of economic and Statistics. 62: 318-321.##Mohtashami, T. & Salami, H. (2007). Factors distinguishing low-risk legal customers from risk customers of the bank. Economics and Agricultural. 1(2), 383-396. (In Farsi)##Oboh, V.U. & Ekpebu, I.D. (2011). Determinants of formal agricultural credit allocation to the farm sector by arable crop farmers in Benue State, Nigeria. African Journal of Agricultural Research. 6:181-185.##Ohadi, N. (2011). Pistachio Growers efficiency Sirjan city. M.Sc Thesis. University of Sistan and Baluchestan, School of Economics. (In Farsi)##Oladeebo1, J.O. & O.E. Oladeebo (2008), Determinants of loan repayment among smallholder farmers in Ogbomoso agricultural zone of Oyo State, Nigerian Journal of Social  Science, 17(1): 59-62.##Olagunju, F.I. &  Adeyemo, R. (2007). Determinants of repayment decision among small holder farmers in Southwestern Nigeria. Pakistan Journal of Social Sciences. 4(5): 677-686.##Richard, N. (2000). The relevance of commercial banks to agricultural financing in Plateau state. HND AEM Project Report: Federal College of Forestry. Jos. Nigeria. 6-63##Roeintan, P. (2005). Factors affecting on credit risk of Kheshavarzi bank customers. M.Sc Thesis. University of  Shahid Beheshti, Tehran. (In Farsi)##Safari, S., Ebrahimi Sheghaghi, M. & Sheikh, M. (2010).  Managing the Credit Risk of the Bank's Clients in Commercial Banks DEA Approach (Credit Rating), Management Research in Iran, 4(14), 137-164. (In Farsi)##Shaditalab, J. (1993). Problems in the credit system (defaults).Proceedings of the Second Symposium on Agriculture Economics in Iran, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University. (In Farsi)##Shirinbakhsh, Sh., Yosefi, N. & Ghorbanzad, J. (2011).The study of effective factors on probability of default banks' credit facilities (The case study of legal customer of Export Development Bank of Iran), Financial knowledge of securities Analysis , 12, 111-137. (In Farsi)##

0 ارزیابی عوامل مدیریتی مؤثر بر میزان موفقیت شرکت های تعاونی تولید روستایی استان چهارمحال و بختیاری Factors Affecting the Success of Rural Production Cooperatives in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province with Emphasis on Managerial Skills https://ijaedr.ut.ac.ir/article_59705.html 10.22059/ijaedr.2016.59705 0 از جمله مهم­ترین موانع موجود در راه توسعه بخش کشاورزی در ایران خردی و پراکندگی زمین­های کشاورزی است. شاید بتوان گفت یکی از بهترین راه­های مقابله با این واقعیت برپایی واحدهای بهره­برداری گروهی می­باشد. در این میان، بی­شک شرکت­های تعاونی تولید روستایی به­دلیل رعایت اصول سه­گانه «مالکیت»، «حاکمیت» و «فاعلیت» از استقبال بیشتری در مقایسه با دیگر واحدها بهره­برداری جمعی برخوردارند. با این وجود این شرکت­ها با داشتن ده­ها سال قدمت، هنوز آن جایگاه بایسته و متناسب با شأن­شان را در بخش تولید کشورمان به­دست نیاورده­اند. نوشتار حاضر که برخاسته از یک پژوهش میدانی است، در پی شناخت و ارزیابی عوامل مدیریتی مؤثر بر موفقیت شرکت­های تعاونی تولید روستایی می­باشد. جامعه آماری این پژوهش را اعضای شرکت­های تعاونی تولید روستایی فعال استان چهارمحال و بختیاری که جمعاً 3715 نفر بودند تشکیل داده است. تعداد 160 نفر به روش نمونه­گیری کاملاً تصادفی به­عنوان نمونۀ آماری تعیین گردیدند. در این پژوهش شاخص موفقیت با استفاده از مدل سروکوال که برای نخستین­بار برای ارزیابی شرکت­های تعاونی بکار گرفته می­شود، سنجیده شده است و نشان از شکاف بین انتظارات و ادراکات اعضا از کیفیت خدمات ارایه شده در شرکت­ها دارد. برای سنجش مهارت­های مدیران نیز از مدل مهارت­های سه­گانه مدیریتی کاتز استفاده شد. به منظور بررسی روایی محتوایی پرسشنامه از نظر استادان گروه توسعه روستایی دانشگاه صنعتی اصفهان و جهت سنجش پایایی پرسشنامه، از پیش آزمون و ضریب آلفای کرونباخ بهره گرفته شد. نتایج حاصل از آزمون ویلکاکسون نشان می­دهد که شرکت­های تعاونی تولید روستایی استان تنها در بُعد اطمینان توانسته­اند انتظارات اعضا را برآورده سازند. عوامل مدیریتی مؤثر بر موفقیت شرکت­های تعاونی تولید روستایی که با استفاده از رگرسیون چند متغیره به­دست آمد نیز عبارتند از: مهارت­های انسانی مدیران، مهارت­های ادراکی مدیران، اعتقاد آن­ها به مشارکت اعضا در امور شرکت­ها، سطح تحصیلات و میزان تجربه مدیریتی مدیران. 1 Small scale and fragmented lands are one of the most important obstacles of agricultural development. Perhaps one of the best ways to deal with this problem is empowering the units of collective action. The rural production cooperatives are more accepted rather than the other units due to observing and applying the triple principles namely "ownership", "governorship" and "subjectivity". Nevertheless, these cooperatives with a ten year old, have not yet achieved the appropriate position in the production sector.The aim of this study is to analyze the managerial factors affecting the rural production cooperatives' success. The statistical population of this research included the members of active rural production cooperatives of Chahar Mahal and Bakhtiari Province are 3715 Individuals. The sample included 160 individuals who were selected by random sampling method. Data were collected on a sample of 160 members of RPC by using probability proportionate to size sampling method through face-to-face interviews based on a comprehensive structured questionnaire. The success index in this research has measured using the SERVQUAL model that analyzes the gap between members' expectations and perceptions of services quality provided by RPC. The experts' opinions were applied for assessing the content validity of questionnaire, and Cronbach Alpha with a score of 0.96 was used for measuring the reliability. Based on the results of Wilcoxon Test, the RPC of ChaharMahal and Bakhtiari Province have met the members' expectations merely in the confident dimension. The influential managerial factors on the success of RPC were determined by applying a multivariate regression model. Human and conceptual skills of managers, managers' belief on the importance of members' participation, educational level and managerial experiences of managers has the most impact on the success of RPC. 313 323 شکیبا مهدیان - - دانش آموخته کارشناسی ارشد توسعه روستایی Iran mahdian1492@gmail.com امیر مظفر امینی - - دکتری توسعه روستایی، استادیار گروه توسعه روستایی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه صنعتی اصفهان Iran aamini@cc.iut.ac.ir علی یوسفی - - دکتری اقتصاد کشاورزی، استادیار گروه توسعه روستایی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه صنعتی اصفهان Iran ayousefi@cc.iut.ac.ir Rural Production Cooperatives managerial factors SERVQUAL Model Altman model Katz's managerial skills Abasi, R., Rasoolzadeh, B., & Abasi, P. (2009). Factors Affecting Success and Failure of Producers Co-ops in Ardabil Province. Taavon, 20 (210-211), 70- 90 (In Farsi)##Abdollahi, M. (1998), Farming Systems, (2th ed.). Tehran: Deputy of Extension and Farming Systems, Ministry of Agri- Jahad. (In Farsi)##Alaghehband, A. (2009), Theoretical Foundations and Principles of Educational Administration, (21th ed.). Tehran: nashrebesat. (In Farsi)##Alexander, W. G. (2009), Cooperation in the European Market Economics, (3th ed.). London: AsiaPublishing House. ##Allan, Y. (2003). Customer satisfaction measurement practice in Taiwan hotels. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 23 (4), 397–408.##Amini, A.M., Hamedani, Z.A., & Ramezani, M. (2008). Assessment of the Most Importtan Intra-Organizational Factors on Success of the Tehran's Poultry Agricultural Cooperatives. Journal of science and technologeof  agriculture and natural reasources, 12(1), 285-295. (In Farsi).##Bazrafshan, J., &Shahin, H. (2010).The pathology of rural production cooperative in Iran.Fourth International Congress of the Islamic World Geographers, 14-16 April 2010: zahedan. (In Farsi)##Bhuyan, S. (2007). The people factor in cooperatives: An analysis of members’ attitudes and behavior, Canadian Journal of Agricultural, 55 (3), 275–298.##Bruynis, C., Goldsmith, P. D., Hahn, D. E., & Taylor, W. J. (2001). Critical Success Factors for Emerging Agricultural Marketing Cooperatives. Journal of cooperation, 16 (2), 14-24##Carlberg, J., Clement, E. W., & Rodney, B. H. (2006). Success Factors for New Generation Cooperatives.International Food and Agribusiness Management Review, 9 (1), 62-81.##Daneshvarkakhaki, M., aghel, H., Hatef, H., & sarvari, A. (2009). The role of management in Performance Rural production cooperatives in KhorasanRazavi Province. Journal of Rural Development Studies, 12 (4), 23-37. (In Farsi)##De vaus, D. (1997), Surveys In Social Research, Translation: Nayebi, H. (1th ed.). Tehran: nashreney. (In Farsi)##Didi, B. (2004). Short communication fishing cooperatives participation in managing nearshore resources: The case in Capiz, central Philippines. Fisheries Research, 67 (1), 81–91.##Divandari, A., &delkhah, J. (2005).designing and providing a model for customer satisfaction measurement of mellat bank based on it. Iranian journal of trade studdies, 10 (37), 185 – 223. (In Farsi)##Gholifar, E., & Baniasadi, M. (2013). Factors the Success of Rural Cooperatives in Zanjan Province from Managers perspective: Application of AHP Method. Iran Agricultural Extension and Education Journal, 8(1), 77-87. (In Farsi)##Gunn, C. (2006). Cooperatives and market failure: Workers’ cooperatives and system mismatch. Review of Radical Political Economics, 38 (3), 345–354.##Hakelius, K. (1996), Cooperative values – farmers cooperatives in the minds of the farmers, (5th ed.). Swedish: Uppsala: Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences.##Hovelaque, V., Duvaleix-Treguer, S., & Cordier, J. (2009). Effects of constrained supply and price contracts on agricultural cooperatives. European Journal of Operational Research, 199 (3), 769–780.##Jamal, A., & Kamal, N. ( 2002). Customer satisfaction and retail banking: an assessment of some of the key antecedents of customer satisfaction in retail banking. International Journal of Bank Marketing, 20(4), 146-160##Karami, Sh., & Agahi, H. (2013). Analysis of Social -Cultural Factors Effecting of Production Cooperatives' Success (Greenhouse) in Kermanshah Province, Iranian Journal of Agricultural Economics and Developmen Research, 44 (2), 259-269 (In Farsi)##Karantininis, K., & Zago, A. M. (2001). Endogenous membership in mixed duopsonies. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 83 (5), 1266–1272.##Katz, R. L. (1991), Skills of an effective administer, (4th ed.). Boston: Harvard business review.##Lhsayyzadeh, A. (2008), Iran Sociology of Agriculture, (1th ed.). Tehran: Samt Publisher. (In Farsi)##Moghimi, M. (2009). Organization and Management, a Research Approach, (5th ed.). Tehran: Termeh. (In Farsi)##NekoueeNaeeni, S.A ., Alibeygi, A. H., & Zarafshani, K. (2010). Factors Affecting the Success of Rural Cooperatives in Kermanshah County of Iran. Journal of Rural Development Studies, 12 (4), 1-22. (In Farsi)##Nyoro, J. K., & Ngugi, I. K. (2007), A qualitative analysis of success and failure factors of agricultural cooperatives in central Kenya. PP. 13-33. In: C. B. Barret, A. g. Mude, J. M. Omiti (Eds.),  Decentralization and the social economics of development: lessons from Kenya, Vol. 2 Part 1. Wallingford [u.a.]: CABI.##Pezeshki Rad, A., &kianimehr, H. (2001).The role of rural production cooperatives in improving the technical and economic Wheat Farmers city of Sabzevar.Journal of Agricultural and Development Economics, 9 (34), 343-362. (In Farsi)##Scheaffer, R., Mendenhall, W., & Lyman, O. (1990), Elementary survey sampling, (3th ed.). Michigan: Duxbury Press.##SeyedAbbaszadeh, M. (1995), Generalities Educational Management, (3th ed.).  Urmia: Urmia University. 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0 ارزشگذاری اقتصادی محصولات ارگانیک، کاربرد رهیافت ترجیحات اظهارشده (مطالعه موردی: گوجه ارگانیک دشت مَرغاب) The Economic Valuation Of Organic Products, Application Of Stated Preferences Approach (Case Study: Organic tomatoes of Dasht-e Marghab) https://ijaedr.ut.ac.ir/article_59706.html 10.22059/ijaedr.2016.59706 0 در سال­های اخیر افزایش آگاهی مردم نسبت به زیان مصرف محصولات متداول که در جریان تولید آن­ها از کود و سموم شیمیایی استفاده می­شود از یک سو و نیز فواید استفاده از کشت ارگانیک برسلامت و محیط زیست از سوی دیگر، باعث افزایش تقاضا برای محصولات ارگانیک شده است. با توجه به کاهش عملکرد محصول در کشت ارگانیک به دلیل عدم استفاده از مواد شیمیایی برآورد  تمایل به پرداخت مصرف­کنندگان جهت بررسی بازار این محصولات و برآورد ارزش کل اقتصادی محصول مورد نظر ضروری به نظر می­رسد. در این مطالعه تعداد 400 پرسشنامه از ساکنان شهرستان‌ دشت مَرغاب و به­صورت نمونه‌گیری تصادفی در سال 1394 جمع‌آوری شد. نتایج به دست آمده از برآورد مدل لوجیت نشان می‌دهد که  25/70 درصد از مصرف کنند­گان حاضرند مبلغ بالاتری جهت خرید گوجه ارگانیک نسبت به گوجه معمولی بپردازند. در نهایت، مشخص گردید که مصرف­کنند­گان حاضر به خرید هر کیلوگرم گوجه ارگانیک به ارزش ریالی34700 هستند، و ارزش کل اقتصادی گوجه ارگانیک در منطقه با توجه به افت عملکرد در مرحله گذار از کشت متداول به کشت ارگانیک با توجه به افت عملکرد ناشی از تغییرسیستم کشت، بیش از 487 میلیارد ­­ریال تعیین گردید. هم­چنین، با توجه به سطح زیر کشت، ارزش اقتصادی هر هکتار گوجه ارگانیک در بازار فرضی شکل گرفته از طرف تقاضا برابر با 6/1میلیارد ریال برآورد گردید. 1 In recent years, increased public awareness of the detriment of consuming common products, during whose production chemical fertilizers and pesticides are used, on the one hand, and the benefits of organic farming for health and environment, on the other hand, have caused an increase in the demand for organic products. Due to the yield loss in product in organic farming because of the lack of the use of chemicals, the estimation of the consumers' willingness to pay, for surveying the market of these products, and estimating the total economic value of the desired product, seem necessary. In this study, 400 questionnaires were collected from the residents of Dasht-e Marghab County, through random sampling method, in 2015. Results of the estimate logit model show that 70.25% of consumers are willing to pay more for buying organic tomatoes rather than ordinary tomatoes. Finally, it was determined that consumers are willing to buy each kilogram of organic tomatoes for 34,700 rials, and the total economic value of organic tomatoes in the region, considering the yield loss in transition from conventional farming to organic farming, due to the yield loss proceeding from the change in farming system, was determined over 487 billion rials. Also, according to the cultivated area, the economic value per hectare of tomatoes (organic) in a hypothetical market, formed from the demand side, was estimated equal to 1.6 billion rials. 325 334 احمد فتاحی ahmad fatahi دانشگاه اردکان Iran fatahiardakani@gmail.com محمد هاشمی - - دانشجو Iran mohammad2013hashemi@gmail.com Organic environment willingness to pay Market Logit Model Abedi, Z., Fattahi Ardakani, A., Hanifnejad, A.R. & Dashti Rahmatabadi, N. (2014). Groundwater valuation and quality preservation in Iran: The Case of Yazd. Interntional Journal of Environemental Research, 8(1): 213-220.##Akgungor, S., Miran, B. & Abay, C. (2007). Consumer willingness to pay for organic products in Urban Turkey. European Association of Agricultural Economists. Bologna, Italy.##Bateman, I. J., Langford, I. H., Turner, R. K., Willis, K.G.  & Garrod, G. D. (1995). Elicitation and Truncation Affects in Contingent Valuation Studies, 12  (2): 161-179.##Ciriacy-Wantrup, S. V. (1947). Capital returns from soil-conservation practices. Journal Farm Economics, 29(11): 81-96.##Fattahi, A. (2013a). Economic valuation of the balminess of natural resources in dry climates: Case Study: Chack-Chack Tourism Region in Yazd. Agricultural Economics and Development, 91-111. (In Farsi)##­Fattahi A. (2013b). Principles of Economic Valuation of Natural Resources. Ardakan University Press. (In Farsi)##Ghorbani, M., Koochaki, A. & Mahmoodi, H. (2009).Virtual Estimation of Wheat Yield in the Conditions of Organic Production; Khorasan Razavi Province. Environmental Sciences, 23-30. (In Farsi)##Greene, W. (2002). Econometric analysis. Macmillan, New York, USA.##Gündüz, O. &  Bayramoğlu, Z. (2011). Consumers’ willingness to pay for organic chicken meat in Samsun province of Turkey. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 10(3): 334-340.##10. Haghjou, M., Hayati, B., Mohammadrezaei, R., Pishbahar, A. & Dashti, G. (2011). Factors Affecting Consumers' Potential Willingness to Pay a Premium for Safe Food Products (Case Study: Agricultural Administration of East Azerbaijan) Journal of Sustainable Agriculture and Production Science, 105-117. (In Farsi)##11. Hanemann W. M. (1994). Valuing the Environment through Contingent Valuation. Journal  of  Economic Perspectives,  8(4) :19-43.##12. Hanemann, W. M. (1984). Welfare evaluations in contingent valuation experiment with discrete responses. American Journal of Agriculture Economics 71, 332-341.##Hatirli, S. A., Ozkan, B. & Fert, K. (2005). An econometric analysis of energy input-output in Turkish agriculture, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,  9, 62-608##Judge, G. G., Hill, R. C., Griffithes, W., Lutkepohl, H. &  Lee, T. C. (1988). The theory and practice of econometrics. (2nd edition), Wiley, New York. USA.##Kaamkaar, B. & Mahdavi Damghani A. (2008).­ The Principles of Sustainable Agriculture, Jahad Daneshgahi Mashhad Press. (In Farsi)##Koochaki,  A., Mansoori, H., Ghorbani, M. &  Rajabzadeh, M. (2012). A study on the factors affecting the willingness to consume organic products in Mashhad County. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development (3), 188-194. (In Farsi)##Koocheki, A. (2004). Organic agriculture: Opportunity and challenges. Cultural science Letter, 24-25, 55-95.##Vanloo,E. V., Caputo,V., Nayga, R.M.J.R., Meullent, C. & Ricke, C. (2011). Consumers’ Willingness to Pay for Organic Chicken Breast: Evidence for Choice Experiment; Food Quality and Preference,  22, 603-613.##Mafi, H., Saleh, A. & Hoseini, S S. (2012). The Estimation of Willingness to Pay for Organic Products, Case Study; Vegetables and Cucumbers in Gilan and Tehran Provinces. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development, (1) 11-18. (In Farsi)##McFadden, D. (1994). Contingent valuation and social choice. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 76, 689-708.##Mitchell, R.C., & Carson, R.T. (1989). Using Surveys to Value Public Goods: The Contingent Valuation Method. Resources for the Future. Washington DC, 462 pp.##Park, T. &  Loomis, j. (1996). Joint Estimation of Contingent Valuation Survey Responses. Environment and Resource Economics, 7, 149-162##Purmozaffar S H., Laiani Q., Shahabi Ahangarkolaey, S. & Rafiey, H. (2014). Estimating the consumers’ willingness to pay in order to take advantage of organic tomatoes: Application of Heckman's two stage method; Study sample: Organic Cucumber in Mazandaran Province. Environment Research, 5, 97-108. (In Farsi)##Seufert ,V., Ramankutty, N. & Foley, J.A.(2012) . Comparing the yields of organic and conventional agriculture. doi: 10.1038/nature11069  .##Tagbata, D. & Sirieix, L. (2008). Measuring consumer’s willingness to pay for organic and Fair Trade products. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 32, 479–490##Vanloo, V., Caputo, M., Nayga, J.R., Meullent, C. & Ricke, C. (2011). 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0 تحلیل وضعیت اقتصادی کشاورزان شرق حوضه رودخانه زاینده‌رود تحت شرایط خشکسالی Analysis of Farmers Economic Status in Drought Conditions, the East of Zayandeh-Rud River Basin https://ijaedr.ut.ac.ir/article_59712.html 10.22059/ijaedr.2016.59712 0 بخش کشاورزی بزرگ­ترین مصرف کننده منابع آبی در نواحی خشک و نیمه خشک است، لذا، محدودیت منابع آب بیشترین تأثیر را بر این بخش می­گذارد. خشکسالی به­عنوان یکی از مهم­ترین عوامل بوجود آورنده بحران آب در حوضه رودخانه زاینده­رود، تاثیر عمیقی بر بخش کشاورزی داشته است. در همین راستا، این مطالعه به ارزیابی اثرات خشکسالی بر سطح زیر کشت و سود کشاورزان در شرق حوضه زاینده­رود با استفاده از شاخص نمایه استاندارد بارش (SPI) و تحلیل هزینه فایده پرداخته (CBA) است. داده‌های مورد نیاز با استفاده از تکمیل پرسشنامه و مصاحبه رو در رو با 140 کشاورز در منطقه در سال زراعی 91-90 و سازمان هواشناسی کل کشور بدست آمد. ابتدا با استفاده از دو ایستگاه باران­سنجی اصفهان و سد چادگان طی سال­های 90-59 و شاخص SPI ، به تعیین سناریوهای اقلیمی پرداخته شده است. سپس، اثرات هر یک از سناریوهای ترسالی، نرمال و خشکسالی بر دبی، سطح زیر کشت و سود کشاورزان به­دست آمد. نتایج نشان داد که محصولات گندم، برنج و گلرنگ که وابستگی بالایی به  مصرف آب کانال دارند به ترتیب کاهش سطح زیر کشتی به میزان 68 درصد، 92 درصد و  51 درصد دارند. به­علاوه، کاهش سود این محصولات به ترتیب معادل 13858، 520 و 6103 میلیون تومان است که بایستی با افزایش بهره­وری و افزایش راندمان آبیاری با استفاده از روش­هایی مانند لوله­گذاری در مزارع که هزینه و ریسک پایین­تری نسبت به آبیاری بارانی  برای کشاورزان دارد، اثرات کاهش یابد. 1 The agriculture sector is the largest water consumer in arid and semi-arid areas. So water scarcity has an important effect on this section. Drought as one of the most important factors in making crisis in Zayanderud river basin (ZRB) has a deep effect on the agriculture sector. This study evaluates the drought effects on irrigation land and farmers profit on the east of ZRB by using SPI and CBA. The required data is collected by questionnaire and face-to-face interview with 140 farmers in the east of ZRB in 2013. At first we determined climatic scenarios by using Esfahan and Chadegan stations and SPI index during 1970-2012. After that the effects of wet, normal and dry scenarios are shown on stream flow and irrigation land. The results show that wheat, rice and safflower that depend highly on river, decrease on land area sequentially in scale of 68%, 92% and 51%. In addition the decrease of profit of these products are sequentially equal to 13858, 520 and 6103 million Tomans, that should use increasing the productivity and irrigation efficiency utilizing ways such as farm tubing- that has lower cost and risk in relation to rain irrigation for farmers. 335 342 اعظم رضایی - - دانشجو/دانشگاه تربیت مدرس Iran a_rezaee@modares.ac.ir سید ابوالقاسم مرتضوی - - استاد/دانشگاه تربیت مدرس Iran samortazavi@modares.ac.ir غلامرضا پیکانی - - استاد/دانشگاه تهران Iran rezapeykani@yahoo.com Drought zayandeh-rud river SPI Araghinejad, S. (2011) An Approach for Probabilistic Hydrological Drought Forecasting. Water Resources Management 25(1), 191-200.##Berrittella, M., Hoekstra, A.Y., Rehdanz, K., Roson, R. & Tol, R.S. (2007) The economic impact of restricted water supply: A computable general equilibrium analysis. Water Research 41(8), 1799-1813.##Boardman, A.E., Greenberg, D.H., Vining, A.R. & Weimer, D. (2010) Cost-benefit analysis, Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ.##Calatrava, J. & Garrido, A. (2005) Modelling water markets under uncertain water supply. European Review of Agricultural Economics 32(2), 119-142.##Dracup, J.A., Lee, K.S. & Paulson Jr, E.G. (1980) On the definition of droughts. Water Resources Research 16(2), 297-302.##Gómez, C.M., Tirado, D. & Rey‐Maquieira, J. (2004) Water exchanges versus water works: Insights from a computable general equilibrium model for the Balearic Islands. Water Resources Research 40(10).##Goodman, D.J. (2000) More reservoirs or transfers? A computable general equilibrium analysis of projected water shortages in the Arkansas River Basin. Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, 698-713.##Iglesias, E., Garrido, A. and Gómez‐Ramos, A. (2003) Evaluation of drought management in irrigated areas. Agricultural Economics 29(2), 211-229.##Karamouz, M. & Nazif, S. (2012) Hydrology and Hydroclimatology: Principles and Applications, CRC Press.##Lorite, I., Mateos, L., Orgaz, F. & Fereres, E. (2007) Assessing deficit irrigation strategies at the level of an irrigation district. Agricultural Water Management 91(1), 51-60.##Maneta, M., Torres, M.d.O., Wallender, W., Vosti, S., Howitt, R., Rodrigues, L., Bassoi, L. and Panday, S. (2009) A spatially distributed hydroeconomic model to assess the effects of drought on land use, farm profits, and agricultural employment. Water Resources Research 45(11), W11412.##McKee, T.B., Doesken, N.J. & Kleist, J. (1993) The relationship of drought frequency and duration to time scales, pp. 179-183, American Meteorological Society Boston, MA.##Moghaddasi, M., Morid, S., Araghinejad, S. & Alikhani, M.A. (2010) Assessment of irrigation water allocation based on optimization and equitable water reduction approaches to reduce agricultural drought losses: the 1999 drought in the Zayandeh Rud irrigation system (Iran). 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(1968) Keeping track of crop moisture conditions, nationwide: The new crop moisture index.##Paulo, A.A., Ferreira, E., Coelho, C. & Pereira, L.S. (2005) Drought class transition analysis through Markov and Loglinear models, an approach to early warning. Agricultural Water Management 77(1–3), 59-81.##Prest, A.R. & Turvey, R. (1965) Cost-benefit analysis: a survey. The Economic Journal 75(300), 683-735.##Quiroga, S. & Iglesias, A. (2009) A comparison of the climate risks of cereal, citrus, grapevine and olive production in Spain. Agricultural Systems 101(1), 91-100.##Salami, H., Shahnooshi, N. & Thomson, K.J. (2009) The economic impacts of drought on the economy of Iran: An integration of linear programming and macroeconometric modelling approaches. Ecological Economics 68(4), 1032-1039.##Shafer, B. & Dezman, L. (1982) Development of a Surface Water Supply Index (SWSI) to assess the severity of drought conditions in snowpack runoff areas, pp. 164-175.##Sharma, B.R. and Minhas, P.S. 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0 شناسایی عوامل مؤثر در رفتارهای محیط زیستی ساکنان حوضه دریاچه ارومیه: کاربرد روش تحلیل عاملی Identifying Effective Factors in Environmental Behavior of Lake Urmia Basin Residents Using Factor Analysis https://ijaedr.ut.ac.ir/article_59707.html 10.22059/ijaedr.2016.59707 0     بسیاری از تهدیدات زیست محیطی، تخریب منابع و آلوده­سازی محیط، پیامد رفتار انسانی است و تغییر در رفتار انسانی می­تواند این مشکلات محیط زیستی را کاهش دهد. جهت تغییر در رفتار، شناسایی عوامل مؤثر بر رفتار گام نخست است. دریاچه ارومیه به عنوان یک کالای عمومی، نیازمند مداخله مردمی جهت جلوگیری از زوال هر چه بیشتر آن است که می­تواند منجر به خسارت­های جدی به رفاه اجتماعی شود. این مطالعه با کاربرد تحلیل عاملی در پی شناسایی فاکتورهای مؤثر در رفتارهای محیط زیستی ساکنان حوضه دریاچه ارومیه است. طبق نتایج حاصل از تجزیه و تحلیل عاملی متغیرها، شش فاکتور منتخب در مجموع 75 درصد رفتارهای محیط زیستی ساکنان حوضه دریاچه ارومیه را تبیین می­کنند که به ترتیب عبارتند از: تأثیرگذاری عوامل شامل انگیزه­های مصرفی و غیر مصرفی (2/15 درصد)، تصمیم­گیرندگان ذی­نفع (7/14 درصد)، اعتقاد به وقوع بحران زیست محیطی (2/13 درصد)، اکولوژیست­ها (9/11 درصد)، طرفداران محیط زیست شهری (5/10 درصد) و معافیت­گرایی (9 درصد). 1 Most of the environmental threats and resources depletion are direct consequences of human behavior. So altering the behavior could decrease environmental problems. In this regard, identification of the effective factors on behavior would be the first step. Lake Urmia as a public good, needs public contribution to prevent its more deterioration that could have serious impacts on social welfare. Main purpose of this study is identifying effective factors in environmental behavior of Lake Urmia basin inhabitants using factor analysis. According to the results, six selected factors were explaining 75 percent of the environmental behavior of respondents. 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Application of factor analysis in the assessment of groundwater quality in a blackfoot disease area in Taiwan. The Science of the Total Environment, 313: 77-89.##Manzanal, R. F., Barreiro, L. R., & Carrasquer, J. (2007). Evaluation of environmental attitudes: Analysis and results of a scale applied to university student. Science Education, 91 (6): 988-1009.##16. Marbek, Informetrica, Renzetti, S., Dupont, D. & Bruce, J. (2010). Economic value of protecting the great lakes, Literature Review Report. Ontario ministry of the environment.##17. Mokhtari Malekabadi, R., Abdollahi, A., & Sadeghi, H. (2014). Analysis of the urban environmental behaviors (case study: Isfahan in 2012). Journal of Research and Urban Planning. 5 (18): 1-20. In Farsi.##18. Nisbet, E. K. L., Zelenski, J. M., & Murphy, S. A. (2009). The nature relatedness scale: Linking individuals’ connection with nature to environmental concern and behaviour. Environment and Behavior, 41: 715-740.##19. Nunes, P. A. L. D. (2002). Using factor analysis to identify consumer preferences for the protection of a natural area in Portugal. European Journal of Operational Research, 140: 499-516.##20. Reihanian, A., Hin, T. W., Kahrom, E., Binti Mahmood, N. Z., & Bagherpour Porshokouh, A. (2015). An examination of the effects of push and pull factors on Iranian national parks: Boujagh National Park, Iran. Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences 13(3): 197-206.##Salehi, S., Ghadami, M., & Hemmati Ghouyami, Z. (2012). Investigating environmental behaviors among beaches tourists (case study: Boushehr’s beaches tourists in Norooz holiday). Journal of Planning and Tourism Development. 1(1): 35-58. (In Farsi).##22. Salehnia, M., Hayati, B., Ghahremanzadeh, M, & Molaei, M. (2015). Estimating the Value of Improvement in Lake Urmia’s Environmental Situation Using Choice Experiment. International Journal of Agricultural Management and Development. 5(4): 271-282.##23. SEDAC .2010. Gridded population of the world: future estimates. Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC); collaboration with CIESIN, UN-FAO, CIAT. Retrieved from: http://sedac.ciesin.columbia.edu/gpw.##24. Sirousmehr, N., Larijani, M., & Rezvani, M. (2014). The effect of education in promoting awareness: Environmental importance of the Lake Urmia. 32nd National and the 1st International Geoscience Congress. 16-19 February, Urmia, Iran. (In Farsi).##25. West Azerbaijan Department of Environment. (2014). Lake Urmia in the past and present, consequences of the crisis. Research studies of the Lake Urmia, University of Urmia. (In Farsi).##26. Williams, B., Brown, T., & Onsman, A. (2010). Exploratory factor analysis: A five-step guide for novices. Australasian Journal of Paramedicine, 8 (3): 1-13.##27.             Zarghami, M. (2011). Effective watershed management; Case study of Urmia Lake, Iran. Lake and Reservoir Management, 27(1): 87-94.##

0 ارزیابی عوامل ساختاری و عملکرد تشکل های غیر دولتی زیست محیطی از دیدگاه اعضا: مورد مطالعه استان خوزستان Assessment Of Structural Factors And Environmental Non-Governmental Organizations Performance, From Member Viewpoints: Case Of Khuzestan Province https://ijaedr.ut.ac.ir/article_59708.html 10.22059/ijaedr.2016.59708 0 این پژوهش که با هدف ارزیابی عوامل ساختاری و عملکرد تشکل­های غیر دولتی زیست محیطی انجام یافته است، از نوع توصیفی پیمایشی می­باشد. جامعه آماری آن شامل کلیه اعضای تشکل­های غیردولتی زیست محیطی استان خوزستان است (تعداد 359 نفر) که تعداد 90 نفر از آن­ها با استفاده از فرمول کوکران به روش نمونه­گیری طبقه­ای با انتساب متناسب، انتخاب و مورد مطالعه قرار گرفتند. روایی محتوایی تحقیق با نظرخواهی از  اعضای هیات علمی دانشگاه تهران، مورد تایید قرار گرفت. به منظور سنجش پایایی ابزار تحقیق از ضریب آلفای کرونباخ استفاده شد. نتایج پژوهش نشان داد که تمامی مولفه­های در نظر گرفته شده جهت سنجش عوامل ساختاری شامل ساختار سازمانی، فرهنگ سازمانی، امکانات مالی، یادگیری سازمانی و  رهبری، همبستگی مثبت و معنی­داری در سطح یک درصد با عملکرد سازمانی داشتند. همچنین، نتایج تحلیل رگرسیون بیانگر آن است که متغیرهای فرهنگ سازمانی و امکانات مالی در مجموع 2/64 درصد از واریانس متغیر عملکرد سازمانی را تبیین می­نمایند. 1 The purpose of this research was to assess structural factors and environmental non-governmental organizations performance. It is a descriptive – surveying. Statistical Population was consisted of all members of environmental non- governmental organizations in Khuzestan province (N=359), using Cochran formula, 90 members were chosen and examined through the proportional stratified random sampling method. The instrument validity confirmed by faculty members of university of Tehran and its reliability was measured by Cronbach's Alpha coefficient. Research findings showed that all components including organizational structure, organizational culture, financial resources, organizational learning and leadership had significant positive correlation with organizational performance. Results of regression analysis indicated that variables of organizational culture and financial resources explained 64.2 percent of variance in organizational performance 355 362 فاطمه مسعودی زاده fatemeh masoudizadeh پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی Iran masoudizadeh@yahoo.com احمد رضوانفر - - دانشگاه تهران Iran a.rezvanfar@yahoo.com حمید موحدمحمدی - - دانشگاه تهران Iran hmovahed@yahoo.com سمیه الیاسی - - دانشگاه ایلام Iran elyasi.somaye@yahoo.com structural factors organizational performance environmental non governmental organizations environment Amini, F. (1999). Investigation of the role of environmental nongovernmental organizations in achieving Public participation in order to protect the environment and provide strategies to improve,  Master's thesis,  Department of Environment, Tehran university, (In Farsi)##Allameh, M. & Moghadami, M. (2009). Investigating Relationship between organizational learning and organizational performance; the case of study: units the driving force of  Iran khodro company .  journal of administrative management, 10(1), 75-100 (In Farsi)##Ahmadi, A. & Hajinejad, A. (2010). The environment destruction is obstacle for sustainable development. 4th international congress Islamic world Geographers.##Abdel-Kader, M., & Billy, W. (2011). Performance Management in NGOs: Evidence from Kenya, available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract, pp1-33##Chaharsogh Amin, H & Daraei, SH. (2002). Explaining the importance of NGOs in  Conservation, restoration, development and sustainable exploitation of natural resources. 55, 19-25. (In Farsi)##Dukell, J., & Edet, G. (2012). Organizational culture as a determinant of Non-Governmental Organization performance: primer evidence from Nigeria. International Business and Management, 4(1), 66-75.##Elenkov, D. (2000). Effects of leadership on organizational performance in Russian companies. Journal  Business  research 5, 467-480.##Faghihi, A. A. & Paktinat , A.  (2006). Affecting factors of effectiveness of iran youth  non -governmental organizations and presentation a effective method.   Management extensional scientific journal , 3(3) (In Farsi)  ##Faham, E., Mokhtarnia, M., Darvish, A. K., & Rezvanfar, A. (2008). Member opinion of  non -governmental organizations natural resources about fields Participation in extension and development of natural resources. Iranian Agricultural Extension and Education Journal 3(2), 85-95. (In Farsi)##Hedjazi, Y., & Arabi, F. (2009). Factors Influencing Non Government Organizations’ Participation in Environmental Conservation. International Journal of  Environmental Research, 3(1):129-13##Kazemi, M.  (1999). Recognition of non-governmental organizations: designing conceptual model of efficient management of resources with the participation of NGOs. Administrative and Development Conference, 4-32. (In Farsi)##Kuang Chi, H., Ren Yeh, H.  & Huei Yu,  C. (2008). The effects of transformation leadership, organizational culture, job satisfaction on the organizational performance in the non-profit organizations. International Journal of Business and Management, 427 – 440.##Lahijanian , A. A., Arjmandi,  R., Moharramnejad,  N., & Jamshidi  Delju, M. (2010). Investigating structure and performance of environmental non- governmental organizations and their roles in civic development process in Tehran province. Environment technology and sciences, 12(3)  (In Farsi).##Moghimi, S., & Alambeigi, A. (2012).  Organizational learning as the requirement of forming entrepreneurship in environmental non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in Iran.  International Journal of  Environmental Research, 6(2):409-416##MacIndoe, H., & Barman, E. (2013).  Non profit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly How Organizational Stakeholders Shape Performance Measurement in Nonprofits: Exploring a Multidimensional Measure, Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 42(4), 716 –738##Namazi, M. B., Arjomandnia, A., mohtashami, H., akhtari, s. h., Abbas Gholizadeh, M.,  Motiee, N., Mohajerani,  M., & Mahdavi, H. (2000). Non-governmental organizations in the Islamic republic in Iran: a situation analysis. UNDP-Iran Technical papers. (In Farsi).##Nasirpour, A., Gohari, M. R., & Moradi , S.( 2010). The relationship of centralization, organizational culture and performance indexes in teaching hospitals affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Acta Med Iran, 48(5), 326-31.##Peterson, W., Gijsbers, G., & Wilks, M. (2003). An Organizational Performance Assessment System for Agricultural Research Organizations: Concepts, Methods, and Procedures, International Service for National Agricultural Research, pp 1-56##Tavallaei, R. (2007). New approach to assessment of organizations performance. Journal Police human development. 4(12) ((In Farsi).##Yilmaz, C. & Ergan., E. (2008). Organizational culture and firm effectiveness: An examination of relative effects of culture traits and the balanced culture hypothesis in an emerging economy. Journal of World Business,43 pp 290-306##Zehira, C., Ertosunb, O., Zehir, s.,  & Muceldilid, B. (2011). The effects of leadership styles and organizational culture over firm performance: multi-national companies in stanbul. procedia social and behavioral sciences ,24,  1460–1474 .##

0 تحلیل سازه‌های مؤثر بر پذیرش فناوری اطلاعات و ارتباطات در بین کارکنان سازمان‌های صفی روستایی شهرستان بویراحمد، براساس مدل پذیرش فناوری Analysis Of Factors Influencing The Adoption Of ICT Among Rural Line Employees Of Boyerahmad County Based On The Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) https://ijaedr.ut.ac.ir/article_59709.html 10.22059/ijaedr.2016.59709 0 پژوهش حاضر به منظور شناسایی سازه‌های مؤثر بر پذیرش فاوا در بین کارکنان با استفاده از مدل پذیرش فناوری دیویس انجام شد. جامعه آماری پژوهش را کارکنان سازمان‌ها و دستگاه‌های دولتی صفی مستقر در سطح دهستان‌های شهرستان بویراحمد تشکیل دادند (366N=) که از این میان، تعداد 189 نفر با استفاده از جدول پاتن، به روش نمونه‌گیری طبقه‌ای تصادفی با انتساب متناسب انتخاب شدند. به ‏منظور بررسی روایی (اعتبار) و پایایی (اعتماد) ابزار پژوهش و همچنین، برازش متغیرهای نهفته و آزمون فرضیه‌ها از روش مدل‏سازی معادلات ساختاری با کاربرد نرم‏افزار LISRELver8.50 استفاده شد. نتایج تحلیل عاملی تأییدی روایی، پایایی و برازش متغیرهای نهفته پژوهش را تأیید کرد. افزون بر این، نتایج مدل‌سازی ساختاری نشان داد که اکثر فرضیه‌های پژوهش مورد تأیید قرار گرفتند و مدل از برازش مناسبی برخوردار است. در نهایت، با توجه به اثرات مستقیم و غیر مستقیم مدل ساختاری پژوهش مشخص شد که سازه تصمیم به استفاده از فاوا بیش­ترین تأثیر را بر استفاده واقعی داشته است و سازه‌های خودکارآمدی، نگرش نسبت به فاوا، درک سودمندی استفاده، درک آسانی استفاده و هنجار ذهنی به ترتیب تأثیرگذاری بر سازه استفاده واقعی از فاوا در رتبه‌های بعدی قرار گرفتند. یافته‌های این پژوهش می‌تواند دستاوردهایی برای مدیران و برنامه‌ریزان در بهبود استفاده کارکنان سازمان‌های صفی روستایی از فناوری‌ داشته باشد. 1  The aim of this study was to identify factors affect ICT adoption among employees using Davis Technology Acceptance Model. Research population included all employees of rural line organizations of Boyer-Ahmad County (N=366) that about 189 ones of them were selected as research sample using Patten random sampling table and stratified random sampling technique. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) via LISREL software was used to evaluate validity and reliability of the research questionnaire, and also to examine goodness of the latent variables and to test research hypothesizes. The results of confirmatory factor analysis verified both "the validity and reliability" of the questionnaire and "the goodness of the latent variables". The results of SEM verified research hypothesizes and approved "goodness of the fit" of the supposed model. Finally, based on the direct and indirect effects of the developed structural model, it was revealed that decision on use has had the most influence on actual use. Also, factors such as Self-Efficacy, attitude towards ICT, perceived usefulness of ICT, perceived ease of usage of ICT and subjective norms were other influencing factors respectively. The results of this research can help managers and policy makers to seek strategies towards better adoption of ICTs among employees. 363 378 سعید هدایتی نیا - - دانشگاه یاسوج Iran hedayatisaied@yahoo.com مهدی نوری پور - - دانشگاه یاسوج- دانشکده کشاورزی Iran mnooripoor@yu.ac.ir Subjective Norm Self-Efficacy Technology Acceptance Model Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) Boyer-Ahmad Ahmadi Dehghotbadini, M. (2010). Structural relations between Davis Technology Acceptance factors. New Ideas In Educational Sciences, 5 (2): 131-142. (In Farsi).##Ahmadi Dehghotbadini, M., Mashkani, M. & Mohammad Khani, A. (2010). Effects of Computer Self-Efficacy and Computer Anxiety on Davis, Technology Acceptance Model Constructs: New Perspectives of Social Psychology. Psychological Research, 13(1),131-142 (In Farsi).##Alidousti, S. (2010). Factors Impacting on Development of IT and E-Commerce in SMEs. Information Sciences & technology, 25(3), 529-548 (In Farsi).##Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. (1988). Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological Bulletin, 103, 411–423.##Bagheri, M., Hamidi Beheshti, M., & Alidoosti, S. (2009). Acceptance of e-banking in Iran: the Expanding of technology Acceptance Model.  Iran Information Sciences and Technology, 24 (3): 5-34. (In Farsi).##Dash, M., Mohanty, A. K., Pattnaik, S., Mohapatra, R. C., & Sahoo, D. S.. (2011). Using the TAM Model to Explain How Attitudes Determine Adoption of Internet Banking. European Journal of Economics, Finance and Administrative Sciences,36, 50-59.##Davis, F. D. & Venkatesh, V. (1996). A critical assessment of potential measurement biases in the technology acceptance model: three experiments. 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W. & Boudreau, M. C. (2000). Structural equation modeling and regression: guidelines for research practice. Communications of the AIS, 4 (7), 1–78.##14. Hofkin, N. & Tagart, N. (2004). An analysis of gender and information and communication technology in Developing Countries. Translated by Shabanali Fami, H. & Alibeygi, A. Alzahra University Press, Tehran. (In Farsi).##15. Huey-Pyng Shyu, S. & Huang, J. (2011). Elucidating usage of e-government learning: A perspective of the extended technology acceptance model. Government Information Quarterly, 28, 491-502.##16. Igbaria, M. & Iivari, J. (1995). The Effects of Self-efficacy on Computer Usage. Omega international Journal management science, 23(6), 587-605.##17. Jalali, A., Rowhani, S. & Zare, M. (2006). E-villages. Iran University of Science and Technology Press. Tehran. (In Farsi).##18. Kalantari, Kh. (2009). Structural Equation Modeling in Socio-Economics Research, Publications of  farhange saba, Tehran (In Farsi).##19. Kim, T. G., Hyoung Lee, J. & Law, R. (2008). An empirical examination of the acceptance behaviour of hotel front office systems: An extended technology acceptance model. Tourism Management, 29, 500-513.##20. King, W. R.,& He, J. (2006). A meta-analysis of the technologyacceptance model, Information & Management, 43, 740-755.##21. Lee, Y., Kozar, K. A. and Larsen, K. R.T. (2003). The Technology Acceptance Model: Past, Present, and Future. Communications of the Association for Information Systems,12(50), 752-780.##22. Mohd Suki, N, & Ramayah, T. (2010). User Acceptance of the E-Government Services in Malaysia: Structural Equation Modelling Approach. Interdisciplinary Journal of Information, Knowledge, and Management, 5, 395-413.##23. Mooghali A, Talebi S, & Seif M. (2011). Contributing Factors to the Attitudes Toward Using Informationand Communication Technology(ICT)Among Students of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, School of Management. SDME. 8 (1), 33-40 (In Farsi).##24. 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0 تعیین عوامل موثر بر رفتار حفاظت از آب کشاورزان در شهرستان سلسله: کاربرد مدل فعال سازی هنجار Determining The Factors Affecting Farmers Water Conservation Behavior In Selsele Township: Application Of The Norm Activation Model https://ijaedr.ut.ac.ir/article_59710.html 10.22059/ijaedr.2016.59710 0 نگرانی در رابطه با تخریب منابع طبیعی به­طورکلی و کمبود منابع آب به­طور خاص سبب توسعه و اجرای سیاست­هایی با هدف تغییر رفتار کشاورزان در زمینه حفاظت از آب شده است. در این راستا دولت در سال­های اخیر شروع به سرمایه­گذاری روی پژوهش­هایی در رابطه با روش­های حفاظت از آب در بخش کشاورزی به عنوان بزرگ­ترین بخش مصرف­کننده آب نموده است. با این حال، موفقیت این سیاست­ها به پذیرش از سوی کشاورزان و اقدامات داوطلبانه آنها بستگی دارد. مقاله حاضر با استفاده از مدل فعال­سازی هنجار به عنوان مبانی نظری تحقیق که هنجار اخلاقی و رفتار حفاظت از آب کشاورزان را پیش­بینی می­نماید، در یک بررسی در شهرستان سلسله بر اساس نمونه­گیری چند مرحله­ای تصادفی طبقه­ای انجام شد (360=n). جمع‌آوری اطلاعات در این پژوهش با استفاده از پرسشنامه محقق ساخته انجام شد. پس از تهیه پرسشنامه و تأیید روایی صوری آن توسط متخصصان امر، پایایی آن از طریق محاسبه مقادیر آلفای کرونباخ برای متغیرهای مختلف تحقیق مورد تایید قرار گرفت. نتایج تحقیق نشان داد که دو متغیر انتساب مسئولیت و خودکارآمدی بر هنجار اخلاقی افراد نسبت به حفاظت از آب تاثیر می­گذارند. هم­چنین، رفتار حفاظت از آب به طور معنی­داری توسط هنجار اخلاقی تبیین می­شود. بنابراین، پیشنهاد می­شود از طریق افزایش سطح آگاهی و بالا بردن مسئولیت کشاورزان در قبال مسایل مربوط به آب تعهد اخلاقی کشاورزان را در جهت انجام رفتارهای حفاظتی مطلوب تقویت نمود. هم­چنین، ارایه اختیارات و تسهیلات لازم به آن­ها جهت نگهداری، تعمیر و بازسازی شبکه­های توزیع آب و تجهیزات آبیاری می­تواند باعث ایجاد انگیزه در بین کشاورزان و تشویق آن­ها جهت حفاظت از منابع آب شود. 1 Concerns regarding the depletion of natural resources in general, and water scarcity in particular, has stimulated the development and implementation of some policies aimed at changing farmers' behavior in terms of conserving water. In this regard, government has recently begun to invest on researches supporting the technical solutions on conserving water in the agricultural sector as the biggest consumer. However, the success of this policy is depending on farmer side in terms of adoption and behavior through a voluntary action.  The present study uses the norm activation model (NAM) as a theoretical basis to predict the personal norm and behavior regarding water conservation through a survey on 360 farmers selected using a multistage, stratified random sampling method in Selsele Township. Data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire.  After preparing the questionnaire and ensuring its validity by experts, its reliability was confirmed by calculating Cronbach's alpha ​​for the variables investigated through a pilot study. Findings revealed that, two variables influenced on the personal norm toward water conservation namely ascription of responsibility and self-efficacy. Water conservation behavior, also was significantly determined by personal norm. Therefore, it is suggested that by increasing the awareness level coupled with the responsibility of farmers towards water issues, their ethical commitment on performing appropriate conservation behaviors would be strengthened. Also, delegating enough authority to farmers as well as providing facilities for maintenance, repairing and rehabilitation of water distribution networks and irrigation equipment can motivate farmers and encourage them to conserve water resources. 379 390 فاطمه رحیمی فیض آباد fatemeh rahimifayzabad دانشگاه کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی رامین خوزستان Iran rahimifatemeh418@yahoo.com مسعود یزدان پناه masoud yazdanpanah دانشگاه کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی رامین خوزستان Iran yazdanm@asnrukh.ac.ir معصومه فروزانی Masoumeh forouzani دانشگاه کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی رامین خوزستان Iran m.forouzani@yahoo.com سعید محمد زاده saeed Mohammad Zadeh دانشگاه کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی رامین خوزستان Iran sd.muhamad@gmail.com Key words: "Norm Activation Model "water conservation "voluntary action " Selsele Abrahamse, W., Steg, L., Gifford, R., & Vlek, C. (2009). 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0 تحلیل مؤلفه‌‌های سرمایه اجتماعی در بین دانشجویان کشاورزی با تأکید بر کارآفرینی Analyzing the Components of Social Capital among Agricultural Students with Emphasis on Entrepreneurship https://ijaedr.ut.ac.ir/article_59711.html 10.22059/ijaedr.2016.59711 0 هدف این تحقیق تحلیل مؤلفه‌های سرمایه اجتماعی در بین دانشجویان کشاورزی با تأکید بر کارآفرینی بود. این تحقیق به روش پیمایشی انجام شده و از نوع مطالعات، توصیفی ـ همبستگی است. جامعه آماری تحقیق دانشجویان رشته‌های کشاورزی دانشگاه تربیت مدرس بودند (468N=) که از این تعداد 181 نفر با استفاده از جدول کرجسی و مورگان به روش نمونه‌گیری تصادفی طبقه‌ای ساده به عنوان نمونه آماری انتخاب شدند. ابزار تحقیق پرسشنامه بود که روایی محتوایی آن توسط پانلی از اساتید دانشگاه تربیت مدرس مورد بررسی، اصلاح و تأیید قرار گرفت. مقدار پایایی (آلفای کرونباخ) پرسشنامه پس از انجام پیش آزمون 91/0 به دست آمد. نتایج حاصل از تحلیل عاملی اکتشافی نشان داد که سرمایه اجتماعی در این پژوهش از شش مؤلفه شامل: انسجام اجتماعی، ارزش­های اجتماعی ـ فرهنگی، مشارکت اجتماعی، تعامل اجتماعی، آگاهی و شناخت اجتماعی و کارآفرینی تشکیل شده است که این عوامل حدود 60 درصد از تغییرات سرمایه اجتماعی را تبیین می‌کنند در این بین، به ترتیب مؤلفه‌های انسجام اجتماعی و کارآفرینی بیش‌ترین (41/13 درصد) و کمترین (33/4 درصد) مقدار واریانس تبیین شده سرمایه اجتماعی را به خود اختصاص دادند. 1 The aim of this study was to analyze the components of social capital among agricultural   students with emphasis on entrepreneurship. This survey was descriptive and correlational study. Statistical population consisted of agricultural students in Tarbiat Modares University (n=468) which 181 student was selected by Krejcie and Morgan table. Samples were studied via using simple random sampling method. Content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by a panel of experts. The reliability of the questionnaire was determined by pilot test and Cronbach's alpha was calculated 91 percent. The results of exploratory factor analysis showed that in this research social capital consisted of six components including: social cohesion, social, cultural values, social participation, social interaction, social awareness and social recognition and entrepreneurship. These components explained 60 percent variance of social capital. So that social cohesion and entrepreneurship had maximum (13.41%) and minimum (4.33%) variance extraction respectively. 391 401 فرهاد خسروانی Farhad Khosravani دانش آموخته کارشناسی ارشد ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه تربیت مدرس Iran farhad.khosravani@ymail.com امیر نعیمی - - استادیار گروه ترویج، ارتباطات و توسعه روستایی، دانشگاه زنجان Iran a.naeimi@znu.ac.ir غلامرضا پزشکی راد - - دانشیارگروه ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس Iran pezeshki.gh@gmail.com همایون فرهادیان - - استادیارگروه ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس Iran homayonfarhadian@gmail.com فضل اله عزیزپور فرد - - دانش آموخته کارشناسی ارشد ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه تربیت مدرس Iran f.azizpoorfard@modares.ac.ir Social capital Entrepreneurship Students of Agriculture Factor Analyze Adler, P. S., and  Kwon, S. W. (2002). Social capital: Prospects for a new concept. Academy of management review, 27(1).  pp.17-40.## Afshani, A., Parsamhr, M., and Norian Najaf Abadi, M. (2011). 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0 بررسی نیازهای آموزشی انجیرکاران شهرستان پلدختر پیرامون بازاریابی و فرآوری انجیر A Study on Educational Needs of Fig Growers in Poldokhtar Township regarding Fig Marketing and Processing https://ijaedr.ut.ac.ir/article_59713.html 10.22059/ijaedr.2016.59713 0 این تحقیق با هدف شناسایی و اولویت‌بندی نیازهای آموزشی انجیرکاران شهرستان پلدختر در زمینه بازاریابی و فرآوری انجیر انجام گرفت. جامعه‌آماری تحقیق شامل تمام انجیرکاران شهرستان بود (2000N=) که با استفاده از جدول کرجسی و مورگان و به روش نمونه‌گیری تصادفی طبقه‌ای با انتساب متناسب 322 انجیرکار به عنوان نمونه از هشت روستای انجیرخیز این شهرستان انتخاب شدند. ابزار جمع‌آوری اطلاعات پرسشنامه‌ای محقق ساخته بود که روایی آن توسط پانلی از اساتید ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی و پایایی آن با انجام آزمون مقدماتی و به‌وسیله محاسبه آلفای کرونباخ برای بخش‌های فرآوری (87/0) و بازاریابی (94/0) تأیید گردید. در نهایت، از 322 پرسشنامه توزیع شده، 274 پرسشنامه کامل و مناسب جهت انجام تجزیه و تحلیل تشخیص داده شد. نتایج نشان داد که بین میانگین نیاز آموزشی انجیرکاران با جنسیت، سطح تحصیلات، شغل، نوع بهره‌برداری و شرکت در دوره‌های آموزشی تفاوت معنی‌داری وجود دارد. همچنین، بین سابقه کار، درآمد و میزان ارتباط با منابع اطلاعاتی و میزان نیاز آموزشی آنها رابطه منفی و معنی‌داری وجود دارد. در نهایت، روش‌های آموزشی بحث‌های غیررسمی، پرسش و پاسخ و حل مسأله برای آموزش در زمینه بازاریابی و روش آموزشی نمایش طریقه‌ای برای آموزش در زمینه فرآوری پیشنهاد شد. 1 The purpose of this study was to identify educational needs concerning processing and marketing of fig growers in Poldokhtar Township. The population included all fresh fig producers (N= 2000). Based on Kerjice and Morgan’s Table and stratified proportional random sampling technique, 322 fig growers from eight villages were selected as sample. A questionnaire was developed by the researcher and used for data collection which its face and content validity was confirmed by a panel of experts and its reliability was gained by calculating Cronbach alpha test for processing (0.87) and marketing ) 0.94). Ultimately, from 322 distributed questionnaires, 274 questionnaires were collected. Results of mean comparison test showed that there were significant differences between the training needs mean of fig producers with different gender, educational levels, occupations, type of ownerships and participating in educational short courses. In addition, there were negative relationship between work experiences, income levels and communication with information sources, and training needs of fig producers. Finally, informal discussion, questioning and problem solving approach in marketing educational courses and demonstration methods in processing are highly recommended. 403 417 حسین امیری Hossein amiri دانشجو Iran hosseinamiri1366@gmail.com محمد چیذری mohammad chizari هیأت علمی Iran mchizari@modares.ac.ir عنایت عباسی Enayat abbasi هیأت علمی Iran enayat.abbasi@modares.ac.ir Educational need Borich needs assessment model Fig marketing and processing Poldokhtar Agahi, H., Alibaygi, A., Ghasemi, J. And Ghambarali, R. (2012). Training needs assessment of fish farmers in Dalaho Township in Kermanshah province. International Journal of Agriculture: Research and Review. Vol., 2 (S), 991-997.##Alibaygi, A. And Zarafshani, K. (2008). Training needs of Iranian extension agents about sustainability: The use of Borich's need assessmentmodel. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 3 (10), pp. 681-687.##Borich, D. G. (1980). A needs assessment model for conducting follow-up studies. Journal of Teacher Education 31(3). 39-41.##E. Mudukuti, A. and Miller, L. (2002) Factors related to zimbabwe women’s educational needs in agriculture. Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education. 9(3).##Esmaeili, B. (2007). Needs assessment of employee training with use of Delphi model. Tadbir Magazine, 18(185). (In Farsi).##Fars News Agency (2010). Iran had the grad first to seventhat 22 agricultural products inthe world. April 2010, From http://www.farsnews.com/newstext.php?nn=8906281226. Html. In farsi##Feli, S and Pezeshkirad, GH. (2007). Investigation of supervisors wheat training needs by used the Borich model (Case Study: Kurdistan Province). Journal of jihad, 28, pp. 74-81. (In Farsi).##Ghafarpour, D. (1995). The role of agricultural extension and education in agricultural development of postgraduate students of selected agricultural colleges in Iran. M.Sc. dissertation, University of Tarbiat Modares, Iran.( In Farsi).##Gregg, A. J. (2002). Use of information technology by conty extension agentsof the Clorida cooprative extension servises. Florida: State University of Florida.##Iranian Agricultural News Agency: IANA (2013). Iran had the grad first to seventhat 22 agricultural products inthe world. September 2013, from http://www.iana.ir/keshavarzi/item/13352-1.html. In farsi##Kheiri, sh. (2012). Investigating educational needs of roodbar olive orchaodist: regarding development of olive gardens. Elsevier, Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 46 (2012 ) 2281 – 2283.##Kizlik, B. (2012) "Needs Assessment Information", ADPRIMA, http://www.adprima.com/needs.htm,last access 16 October 2010.##Krejcie, R. V. and Morgan, D. W. (1970) Determining sample size for research activities. Educational and psychological measurement. 30. p. 607-610.##Layeghi, A., Ghasemi, P. and Babaei, N. (2013).  A Study of Production and Employment Comparative Advantage in the Agriculture Sector of Iran Provinces. Monthly Quarterly Journal of  Economic Research and Policies, 12 (11 and 12), pp 83-110. (In Farsi).##L. Garton, B. and Chung, N. (1997). An assessment of the in service needs of beginning teachers of agriculture using two assessment models. Journal of Agricultural Education. 38 (3).##Mardani, A. & Pezeshirad, Gh. (2007). The estimated educational needs concerning the quality management of agricultural products (Case Study: Chahar Mahal and Bakhtiari).) In Farsi)##Ministry of Jihad-e Keshavarzi (2009). Agricultural Statistics, Tehran (In Farsi).##Moradi, M. (2012). Horticulture expert of agricultural jihad, Poldokhtar Township (interview). In farsi##Mosavi, M. & Chizari, M. (2007). Investigation of potato grower’s education needs about markrting (case study: Ajabshir townshipe). Journal of agricultural and natural resurces. 11(1), pp.478-498. (In Farsi).##Nazari, A. (2012). Master ofagriculturePoldokhtartownship (interview).) In Farsi).##Panahi, F. (2010). Determine the Training Needs of Apple Growers (case study: Eghlid City, Fars Province). Journal of Agricultural Extension and Education Research, 3 (​​1). (In Farsi)##Pirhayati, M. (2010). Portal of Lorestan provinceagriculturejihad. From http://www.ajlorestan.ir/portal. Html. (In Farsi).##Saburi, M. and Minaei, A. (2009). Educational needs classification of Garmsar greenhouses according to greenhouses and agricultural experts. Journal of Agricultural Extension and Education Research, 2(3). (In Farsi).##Sedighi, S. And Nikdokht, R. (2005). Study of country wheat fields engineering projects. JournalofAgricultureandNatural Resources, 3(9), pp. 44-51. (In Farsi).##Suvedi, M., Jeong, E. and Coombs, J. (2010) Education needs of Michigan farmers. Journal of extension, 48(3): article number 3 RIB.##Tabaraei, M and Ghasemi, M. (2005). A study of educational needs of pea growers in Northern Khorasan. Proceedings of First National Conference of Pulses, Mashhad: Institute of Plant Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. (In Farsi).##Tabatabaeifar, V. (2002). Identify education and extention needs of Cotton growersin the crop years 1380-1379 (case study: Garmsar city) .M.Sc. Thesis Agricultural Extension and Education. Islamic Azad University, Branch of Science & Research. (In Farsi).##Tibezinda, N. M. (1998). Assessing target group needs. In R. P. Burton E. Swanson, Improving agricultural extension. A reference manual. United Nations: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, United States.##Zamanipour, A. (2008). Agricultural extension in the process of development, (3th ed.). Mashhad, Ferdowsi University. (In Farsi).##Zarafshani, K., Agahi, H. And Khaledi, Kh. (2011). Examining educational needs of rural women in Ghomum village of Songhor township using Borich model and Quadrant analysis. Journal of Women in Development & Politics1(1), pp 165-183. (In Farsi).##Zkaei, A. 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0 تحلیل عوامل مؤثر بر بهبود عملکرد مددکاران ترویجی از دیدگاه کشاورزان بخش مرکزی شهرستان زهک An Analysis Of Factors Affecting Performance Improvement Of Extension Agent From The Farmers’ Viewpoint In Zahak Township https://ijaedr.ut.ac.ir/article_59714.html 10.22059/ijaedr.2016.59714 0 با توجه به اهمیت مددکاران ترویج به عنوان رابط بین کشاورزان و کارشناسان، و نقش مؤثر آنها در انتقال دانش و فناوری به کشاورزان با هدف دستیابی به یک نظام کشاورزی پایدار هدف اصلی این پژوهش تحلیل عوامل مؤثر بر بهبود عملکرد مددکاران ترویج از دیدگاه کشاورزان بخش مرکزی شهرستان زهک است. این تحقیق به روش توصیفی به انجام رسیده است. جامعه آماری این تحقیق را کشاورزان بخش مرکزی شهرستان زهک تشکیل ‌دادند (357 نفر) که بر اساس جدول کرجسی و مورگان، 174نفر از آنان از طریق روش نمونه‌گیری تصادفی ساده انتخاب شدند. ابزار اصلی پژوهش برای جمع‌آوری داده‌ها پرسشنامه‌ای بود که روایی آن بر پایه‌ی نظر جمعی از اعضای هیأت علمی دانشگاه رامین تأیید شد. برای تعیین پایایی، پیش آزمون صورت گرفت که مقدار آلفای کرونباخ محاسبه‌شده برای مقیاس اصلی پرسشنامه شامل عوامل مؤثر بر بهبود عملکرد مددکاران ترویج برابر با 95/0 بود. تجزیه و تحلیل داده‌ها با استفاده از نرم‌افزار SPSS20 انجام گرفت. نتایج حاصل از تحلیل عاملی نشان داد که عوامل مؤثر بر بهبود عملکرد مددکاران ترویج از دیدگاه کشاورزان مورد بررسی در سه عامل مشاوره‌ای -حمایتی، زیرساختی - تکنولوژیکی و آموزشی- ارتباطی قرار می‌گیرند که در مجموع 855/66 درصد از واریانس کل عوامل مؤثر بر بهبود عملکرد مددکاران ترویج را تبیین می‌کنند. 1 Considering the importance of extension agent as the mediator between farmers and experts, and their effective role in the transfer of knowledge and technology to farmers with the aim of achieving a sustainable agriculture system, the main purpose of this research was to analyze affecting factors on performance improvement of extension agent from the farmers’ viewpoint in Zahak township. This study conducted through descriptive method. Total famers in central county of Zahak township (N=357) was considered as statistical population of this study, among them, using Krejcie and Morgan sampling’s Table, 174 farmers were selected by simple random sampling method. Data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire which its validity has been approved by faculty members of Ramin University. A pilot study was conducted to confirm reliability of the instrument. Cronbach Alpha,s coefficient for the scale of affecting factors on improvement of performance of extension agent was equal to 0.95. Data was analyzed by SPSS20 software. The results of factor analysis revealed that affecting factors on performance improvement of extension agents from the farmers’ viewpoint were three factors including: consulting and support, infrastructural -technological and educational-communicational which explained 62.855% of total variances of affecting factors on performance improvement of extension agent. 419 426 حبیبه نظامدوست - - دانشجو Iran nezamdoosth@yahoo.com مسعود برادران masoud baradaran عضو هیئت علمی گروه ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی دانشگاه کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی رامین خوزستان Iran منصور غنیان mansour ghanian عضو هیئت علمی گروه ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی دانشگاه کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی رامین خوزستان Iran m_ghanian@yahoo.com performance Extension agent farmers Zahak township Abdolmaleky, M.,  &Chizari, M. )2010(. Strategies affecting the success of extension programs regarding sustainable natural resource management.  Journal of scientific research, 5(4), 256-260.## Amini, A., Shahsavan, M., & Zeinal Hamedani, A. (2009). Success Factors Evaluation of Women as Extension Help Agents in Isfahan Province; Journal of science and technology of agricultural and natural resources water and soil science, 12 (46) 12 (46), 250-270 (In Farsi).##Azizi, F., & Kamali, M. B. (2011). Factors affecting rural facilitators, role: Iran. International Journal of agricultural management and development, 1(1),7-14.## Davis, K. E. (2009), The importanr role of extension systems, Agricultural and climate change: An agenda for negotiation in Copenhagen. International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), 16(1).##Ejiogu-Okereke, N. E., & Onu, D. O. (2007). Perceived factors affecting performance of extension workers in Imo State, Nigria. Global approach to extension practice: a journal of agricultural extension, 3(1), 21-29.##Hayati D., & Karami E. (1997). Factors Influencing Sustainable Agricultural Knowledge and Sustainability of Farming Systems: A Case Study in Fars Province. Journal of science and technology of agricultural and natural resources water and soil science, 3(2), 21-34 (In Farsi).##Ifenkwe, G. E. (2012). Agent- related factors affecting the performance of agricultural extension staff in Abia State, Nigeria. Journal Agricultural Sciences, 3(1), 45-48.##Karami, R., & Ismail, M. (2012), Achievment motivation in the leadership role of extension agent. This book first published 2012, Cambridge scholars publishing, 12 back chapman street, Newcastle upon tyne, NE6 2XX, UK.##Mirakzadeh, A. A., Karamidehkordi, M. & Papzan, A. (2008). An Analysis of Factors Affecting Improvement of Management and Performance of Industrial Aviculture in Kermanshah County. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development, 2-40(4), 34-27(In Farsi).##10. Moshfegh, zh., & Jamshidi, M. )2004.( Extension workers and rural development . Journal of Jihad, 25(267), 25-30. (In Farsi).##11. Onu, M. O., Madukwe, M. C., & Agwu, A. E. Factors affecting job satisfaction of front-line extension workers in Enugu State agricultural development programe, Nigeria. Journal of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Extension, 4(2), 19-22.##12. Rudd, R., Stedman, N.P., and Morgan, CH. (2002), Florida cooperative extension volunteer leadership certification program. Paper presented at the association of leadership educators annual meeting.##13. Rutledge-Connelly, C. R., Day, J.F., & Ross, G.K. (2006). Enhancing mosquito-borne disease surveillance in Florida. Journal of Extension, 44(5).##14. Terry, B. D., & Israel, G. D. (2004). Agent performance and customer satisfaction. Journal of Extension, 42(6).##15. Thach, L. N., Ismail, M., Uli, J. & Idris, K. (2007). Individual factors as predictors of extension agent, performance in Mekong Delta, Vietnam. The Journal of Human Resource and Adult Learning, 3(1), 93-102.##Zafarullah Khan, M. Z., Haq, Z., Ullah Khan, N., Pervaiz, U., & Anwar Khan, M. A. (2011). 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0 تبیین سازوکار و راهبردهای مناسب برای دستیابی به کشاورزی پایدار The Explanation of Appropriate Strategies and Mechanism for Achieving Sustainable Agriculture https://ijaedr.ut.ac.ir/article_59715.html 10.22059/ijaedr.2016.59715 0 تجارب نشان داده است که موفقیت پروژه­های کشاورزی پایدار مرهون چهار مولفه شامل: فضای سیاست­گزاری مناسب، بخش دولتی توانمند، مشارکت گروه­های کشاورزان و وجود فناوری­های محافظت کننده از منابع است. در این زمینه وظیفه دولت ایجاد فضای نهادی مناسب برای پذیرش و اجرای سازوکار و راهبرد­های مناسب برای توسعه کشاورزی پایدار می­باشد. بر این اساس، در تحقیق حاضر نظر دست­اندکاران بخش کشاورزی درباره راهبرد­ها به عنوان مجموعه­ای از تدابیر و توصیه­ها و شکل­دهنده سازوکار مناسب برای توسعه کشاورزی پایدار بررسی شد. تحقیق با استفاده از ابزار پرسشنامه و پیمایش نظر 95 تن از دست­اندکاران بخش کشاورزی در چهار بخش اجرایی، تحقیقاتی، دانشگاهی و خصوصی که با روش نمونه­گیری طبقه­ای تصادفی انتخاب شده بودند، انجام شد. روایی محتوایی پرسشنامه با روش پانل متخصصان و پایایی با آزمون کرونباخ آلفا سنجیده شد. همچنین، از تحلیل عاملی برای تحلیل داده­ها استفاده شد. بر اساس نتایج تحقیق، سه نوع راهبرد: 1) توانمندساز، شامل توسعه فعالیت­های ترویجی و آموزشی، ارتقای سرمایه اجتماعی، توسعه نهادی، 2) تضمینی و اجرایی، شامل قانون­گذاری و برنامه­ریزی، رویه­های کشاورزی- زیستی، برچسب­گذاری و اطلاع رسانی، و 3) ترغیبی، شامل توسعه و ارایه خدمات حمایتی برای توسعه کشاورزی پایدار در چارچوب سازوکار مدیریت سازگاری به ترتیب برای تحقق اهداف اجتماعی، اقتصادی و اکولوژیکی کشاورزی پایدار پیشنهاد شد. 1 The evidence from experiences and projects have revealed that favorable policy environment, resource conserving technologies, enabling external institutions, and local institutions and groups are the components and the preconditions needed for the successful implementation of sustainable agriculture. In this context, the mission of government is providing an appropriate institutional environment for the development and enforcement mechanisms of sustainable agriculture. Accordingly, in the present article, agricultural stockholders’ viewpoints including official experts, scientists, researchers, and business about strategies as a set of rules and devices within a mechanism for sustainable agricultural development have been explored. Stratified random sampling was used to identify 95 respondents. Content validity and reliability of research instrument were examined using a panel of experts and Cronbach's alpha, respectively. Factor analysis was employed to determine the strategies of sustainable agricultural development. Overall, results showed that strategies in the three categories including: enabling – e.g. supportive and extension practices, developing social capital, and encouraging institutional trust; and enforcing – e.g. establishing regulations and programs, agri-environmental scheme and  labeling and information, and encouraging – e.g. providing non-agricultural knowledge services such as  financial incentives key means for encouraging sustainable agriculture development in Iran.  427 440 هادی ویسی hadi veisi دانشگاه شهید بهشتی Iran hveisi@gmail.com جعفر کامبوزیا - - دانشگاه شهید بهشتی Iran j_kambouzia@sbu.ac.ir مجتبی زارع - - دانشگاه شهید بهشتی Iran m.zare123@yahoo.com مسعود حقیقی - - دانشگاه شهید بهشتی Iran masoudhaghighi87@yahoo.com Sustainable agriculture Mechanism strategies adaptive management Munasib, Abdul B. A. ; Jordan, Jeffrey L. (2011). 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The Netherlands: Springer.##Bachev H. (2009). Mechanisms of Governance of Sustainable Development, MPRA Paper No. 14947, Retrieved from: http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/14947/.##Bartlett J.E., Kotrlik J.W., & Higgins C.C., (2001). Organizational research: determining appropriate sample size in survey research obtained, Information Technology, Learning, and Performance Journal, 19(1): 43-50.##Burton, R.J.F., & Paragahawewa, U.H. (2011). Creating culturally sustainable agri-environmental schemes. Journal of Rural Studies 27: 95–104.##Clive, G. & Kirkpatrick, C. (2006). Assessing national sustainable development strategies: Strengthening the links to operational policy, Natural Resources Forum 30:146–156. Blackwell Publishing Ltd.##Dumanski, J. (1994). Proceedings of the International Workshop on Sustainable Land Management for the 21st Century. Volume 1: Workshop Summary. The Organizing Committee. International Workshop on Sustainable Land Management. Agricultural Institute of Canada, Ottawa. p 50.##Eionet, (2010). Factsheets on ‘Food and Drink’. Retrieved from:  http://scp.eionet.europa.eu/facts /factsheets_scp/food_drink. November 20, 2012.##FAO (2004). The ethics of sustainable agricultural intensification. Rome.##Fathi, H., Heidari, H., Impiglia, A. & Fredrix M. (2011), History of IPM/FFS in Iran. Regional Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Programme in the Near East, FAO, Rome.##Grote, U. & Kirchhoff, S. (2001). Environmental and Food Safety Standards in the Context of Trade Liberalization: Issues and Options. ZEF-Discussion Papers on Development Policy, Center for Development Research, Bonn, June.##Jones, D. (ed.) (2003). Organic Agriculture: Sustainability, Markets and Policies, Wallingford, UK: CABI Publishing.##Jones, N., Sophoulis, Costas M., Iosifides, Th., Botetzagias, I. & Evangelinos, K. (2009). The influence of social capital on environmental policy instruments. 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0 بررسی اثربخشی یادگیری سیار در آموزش عالی کشاورزی (مورد مطالعه: دانشگاه پیام‌نور مرکز زنجان) A Study On Effectiveness Of Mobile Learning In Higher Education Of Agriculture (Case Study: Payame Noor University, Zanjan Center) https://ijaedr.ut.ac.ir/article_59717.html 10.22059/ijaedr.2016.59717 0 تغییر علایق جوانان به سوی ارتباط در فضای مجازی، استفاده از تلفن همراه و ارتباطات پیامکی از نگاه برخی منتقدان تهدیدی است، که می­تواند به فرصتی برای یادگیری در هر زمان و هرمکان تبدیل شود. یادگیری سیار یکی از رهیافت­های پرورش هدفمند ذهن کنجکاو نسل تکنولوژی در دنیای ارتباطات بی سیم است. بنابراین، این مطالعه در راستای بستر سازی برای به­کارگیری یادگیری سیار با هدف بررسی اثربخشی یادگیری سیار در آموزش عالی کشاورزی انجام گردیده است. مطالعه به روش نیمه تجربی با گمارش تصادفی دو گروه آزمایش (25 نفر) و کنترل (19 نفر) و مداخله­گری به­کارگیری یادگیری سیار به عنوان یک تکنیک کمک آموزشی در ترم اول سال تحصیلی 94-1393 در دانشگاه پیام نور مرکز زنجان اجرا گردید. بررسی اثربخشی یادگیری سیار با مقایسه میانگین نمره پیش آزمون با آزمون نهایی و آزمون پایش از طریق آماره آزمون تی صورت گرفت و نتایج نشان داد که در مقایسه با دانشجویان گروه کنترل که تنها آموزش معمول را دریافت نمودند، یادگیری سیار که مشتمل بر روش معمول آموزش همراه با دریافت پیام­های آموزشی از طریق تلفن همراه می­باشد، توانسته ارتقای معنی­داری در یادگیری دانشجویان گروه آزمایش مورد مطالعه ایجاد نماید. در این راستا به­کارگیری تلفن همراه که دارای ضریب نفوذ صد در صدی در بین دانشجویان است به عنوان ابزار یادگیری سیار در آموزش عالی کشاورزی مورد پیشنهاد است. 1 Changes in the interests of young people toward communicating in cyberspace, using mobile phone and SMS communications is a threat in the some critics’ point of view, which can be an opportunity to learn anytime, anywhere. Mobile learning is an approach to targeted nourishing of curious minds of technology generation in the wireless communication world. Thus, this study toward establishing the grounds of mobile learning application conducted, aiming to evaluate the effectiveness of mobile learning in higher education of agriculture. Quasi-experimental study was conducted with random assignment of experimental (n = 25) and control (n = 19)  groups and intervention technique of using mobile learning as a teaching aid in first semester of the academic year 2014-15 at Zanjan center of Payame Noor University. Investigation of mobile learning effectiveness was performed by comparing the mean score of pre-test with post-test and monitoring-test using t-test statistics and the results showed that compared to control group who received only routine training, mobile learning including training in the usual way along with educational messages through mobile phone, is able to significantly enhance experimental group learning. In this context, the use of mobile phone that has penetration rate of one hundred percent among the students is suggested as a tool for mobile learning in higher education of agriculture. 441 451 رویا کرمی - - استادیار دانشگاه پیام نور زنجان Iran rokarami@yahoo.com mobile wireless communication higher education of agriculture monitoring-test Ally, M. (2009). Mobile learning: Transforming the delivery of education and training. Athabasca University Press.‏##Alzaza, N. S., & Yaakub, A. R. (2011). Students’ Awareness and Requirements of Mobile Learning Services in the Higher Education Environment. American Journal of Economics and Business Administration, 3(1), 95-100.##Ardabili, M. Sh. M., & Faegh, A. k. (2013). The use of cell phones and texting in science education. Presented at the eighth conference of Iran chemistry education "Implication of mobile and sending massage" in Chemistry Faculty of Semnan University, 6-7 of September (In Farsi)##Barzegar, R., Dehghan-zadeh, H. & Moghaddam-Zadeh, A. (2012). From E-learning to mobile learning: theoretical foundations. The University journal of e-learning (Media), 3 (2): 35-41. (In Farsi)##Brown, T. H. (2003). The role of m-learning in the future of e-learning in Africa. In 21st ICDE World Conference. Retrieved from http://www.tml.tkk. fi/Opinnot. 110.##Cheema, M. A. B. (2009). Mobile learning using MWT. Provided in the Conference of Mobile government, Mashhad: Ferdowsi University. (In Farsi)##Ebbasi, M. R. (2013). Recognize and use educational media in agricultural education. Sabzineh (84): 8470-8477. (In Farsi)##Evans, C. (2008). The effectiveness of m-learning in the form of podcast revision lectures in higher education. Computers & Education, 50, 491–498.##Field, A. (2009). Discovering statistics using spss (Third Edition).Los Angeless, London, New Delhi, Singapore, Washington: SAGE Publications, Inc.##Foroushani, N., Khosravipour, B. & Yaghobi, J. (2011). Analysis of the problems of agricultural education system and fix it via mobile training from the perspective of experts of Jihad-e-Agriculture Organization of Khuzestan province. Iranian Agricultural Economics and Development Research, 2 (2): 209-218.(In Farsi)##Foroushani, Z. & Khosravipour, B. (2009). Checking the usability of mobile learning techniques in agricultural education from the perspective of experts of Jihad-e-Agriculture Organization of Khuzestan province, Agricultural Management Education Quarterly, (11): 14-12. (In Farsi)##Georgiev, T., Georgieva, E., & Smrikarov, A. (2004). M-Learning: A new stage of E-Learning. In Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Computer systems and technologies (pp. 1-5).‏##Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E., & Tatham, R. L. (2006). Multivariate data analysis(Seventh Edition). United States of America: Pearson Education Inc.##Khotan-Lu, H. & Batmanqlychy, E. (2013). Providing a framework for the adoption of mobile learning. Training Technology (technology and training), 7 (3): 221-228. (In Farsi)##McKnight,  E. P., McKnight, M. K., Sidani, S. & José, A. (2007). Missing Data: A Gentle Introduction, E book, Guilford Press.##Mcconatha, D., Praul, M., & Lynch, M. J. (2008). Mobile Learning In Higher Education: An Empirical Assessment Of A New Educational Tool. The Turkish Online Journal Of Educational Technology, 7(2).##Morasaee, S. (2012). Characteristics of mobile learning applications in agricultural cooperatives. Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development Research of Iran, 2 (4): 647-660. (In Farsi)##Morshedi, L., Kazemi, H. & Omidi-Najafabadi, M. (2011). The attitude of agricultural extension and education students' who entered in 88 -89 years  to the Tehran Science and Research Branch toward mobile learning, analysis of SWOT. Research of Agricultural Extension and Education, 4 (3): 73-61. (In Farsi)##Motiwalla, L. F. (2007). Mobile learning: A framework and evaluation. Computers & Education, 49, 581–596.##Naderi, F., Ayati, M., Zarebidaki, M. and AkbariBorang, M. (2013). The Effects of Education by mobile phone on metacognitive self-regulation and paramedical students' attitude. Journal of Medical Sciences, 12 (13): 1001-1010. (In Farsi)##Najafabadi, M. A., Anshyeh, R. (2007). Challenges and opportunities of using mobile phones in Agricultural Education (Case Study: Foumanat). Research of Agricultural Extension and Education, 2 (3). (In Farsi)##Papzan, A. & Solymani, A. (2010). Comparison of the effect of mobile learning and lecture on student learning. Information and Communication Technologies in Education, 1 (1): 55-65. (In Farsi)##Rezaei-Rad, M. & Bakhtiar, Q. (2014). Mental aspects of adding mobile learning to training in the traditional method in Higher Education (Case Study English and Arabic language). Training Technology, (4): 277-287. (In Farsi)##Safari, J., Zarnegar, z. & Jalali, M. (2015). New methods of distance education, chemistry education development. 28: 15-12. (In Farsi)##Saffarzadeh, M. & manouchehri, K. (2009). Training through electronic means, Presented In the second International Conference on Electronic Municipality. (In Farsi)##Schulz, F. K. & Grimes, A. D. (2002).Unequal group sizes in randomised trials: guarding against guessing. Epidemiology series, THE LANCET, Vol 359; 966-970.##Schumacker, R. E., & Lomax, R. G. (2004). A beginner's guide to Structural Equation Modeling (Second Edition). Mahwah, New Jersey, London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.##Shah-Alizadeh, M. (2013). Electronic and mobile learning, new technologies and ways to teach. Eighth seminar of chemistry education, Iran, Semnan University. (In Farsi)##Shahbaz, A. (2014). The effect of training method using mobile phone on cognitive self-regulation and paramedical students’ attitude. Iranian Journal of Medical Education, 14 (3), 276-279. (In Farsi)##

0 چالش‌های نظام ترویج کشاورزی در سازگاری با تغییر اقلیم: دیدگاه کارشناسان کشاورزی استان فارس Challenges of Agricultural Extension Systems in Adaptation to Climate Change: The Perception of Fars Agricultural Specialists https://ijaedr.ut.ac.ir/article_59719.html 10.22059/ijaedr.2016.59719 0 اقلیم در حال تغییر است و پیش‌بینی‌های مختلف نیز حاکی از تسریع روند تغییر اقلیم در آینده می‌باشد. در­صورتی‌که کشاورزان و ساکنان مناطق روستایی از توانایی و ظرفیت مناسب برای رویارویی با ریسک ناشی از تغییر اقلیم برخوردار نباشند، خسارات جبران‌ناپذیری بر پیکره بخش کشاورزی و جامعه روستایی وارد خواهد شد. نظام‌های ترویجی می‌توانند نقش به­سزایی در افزایش سازگاری کشاورزان با تغییر اقلیم داشته باشند. لذا، این پژوهش با هدف شناسایی چالش‌های نظام ترویج کشاورزی در رویارویی با تغییر اقلیم و تبیین مهارت‌های حرفه‌ای مورد نیاز عاملین ترویجی به‌منظور افزایش سازگاری کشاورزان با تغییر اقلیم انجام شده است. بدین‌منظور نسبت به انجام مصاحبه‌های اکتشافی و گروهی متمرکز با 40 تن از کارشناسان ترویجی استان فارس اقدام شد. افزایش نوسانات اقلیمی، انتشار گازهای گلخانه‌ای، کاهش آب کشاورزی، کاهش مواد آلی خاک، کاهش عملکرد محصولات کشاورزی و ضعف دانش و آگاهی کشاورزان در زمینه تغییر اقلیم از چالش‌های نظام ترویج در رویارویی با پدیده تغییر اقلیم بود، اما محدودیت‌های ساختاری و انسانی ترویج را از سازگاری با تغییر اقلیم باز می‌داشت. این در حالی است که برخورداری عاملین ترویجی از مهارت‌های دانشی- اطلاعاتی، فردی- حرفه‌ای، ارتباطی، اجتماعی- روان‌شناختی و پژوهشگری مناسب نقش بسزایی در افزایش سازگاری کشاورزان با تغییر اقلیم دارد.    1 Climate is changing and various scenarios indicate accelerated climate change in the future. If farmers and rural residents’ capacities do not enhance to adapt to the impacts of climate change, the impacts will overwhelm on agriculture and rural communities. Extension systems can play an important role in agricultural adaptation to climate change. The aim of this research was to explore the challenges of agricultural extension systems in climate change adaptation. The paper also identified the required competencies of extension agents in adaptation to climate change. A combination of exploratory and focus groups interview was used to gather data from 40 extension experts of Fars Province. Changing precipitation and temperature, increasing GHG emissions, reducing agricultural water resources, decreasing concentration of organic nutrients in the upper layers of the soil, increasing inter-annual variability of crop yields, and knowledge gaps were the main challenges of extension systems in adapting climate change. However, human and structural factors had limited the extension system’s capacity to adapt to climate change. This study verifies that professional supporting extension agents with appropriate knowledge and information, communication, social and psychological, and research related skills can promote adaptation to climate change. 453 466 مرضیه کشاورز - - دانشگاه پیام نور Iran keshavarzmarzieh@pnu.ac.ir معصومه مویدی - - دانشگاه شیراز Iran moaydi2007@yahoo.com climate change Adaptation Extension systems Extension agents Skills Abbasi, M. (1996). Symbols of effectiveness of rural extension. Jihad Magazine, 182-183(2), 19-25 (In Farsi).##Anaeto, F.C., Asiabaka, C.C., Nnadi, F.N., Ajaero, J.O., Aja, O.O., Ugwoke, F.O., Ukpongson, M.U., & Onweagba, A.E. (2012). The role of extension ofiicers and extension services in the development of agriculture in Nigeria, Wudpecker. Journal of Agricultural Research, 1(6), 180-185.##Asadi, A., Mosavi, S., Saadi, H., & Pishbin, A. (2004). 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International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington DC, USA.##Falkenmark, M. (2007). Global warming: Water the main mediator. Stockholm International Water Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.  ##FAO (2005). Impact of climate change, pests and diseases on food security and poverty reduction. Special event background document for the 31st session of the Committee on World Food Security, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, 23-26 May 2005.   ##Ford, J.D., & Berrang-Ford, L. (2011). Introduction. In J.D. Ford, & L. Berrang-Ford (Eds.), Climate Change Adaptation in Developed Nations: From Theory to Practice (pp. 3-20). Springer, New York.##Fussel, H.M. (2009). An updated assessment of the risks from climate change based on research published since the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report. Climatic Change, 97(3–4), 469-482.##Ghafari, J., & Hosseini, M. (2007). Investigation of professional skills that required for extension agents of western provinces of Iran. Jihad, 293, 293-306 (In Farsi).##Ghanian, M., & Zamani, Gh. (2003). Factors affecting on job satisfaction of extension agents in Azarbaiejan Gharbi, Kordestan and Kermanshah. Scientific Journal of Agriculture, 26(1), 93-103 (In Farsi). ##Gunawansa, A. (2010). The Kyoto protocol and beyond: A south Asian Perspective. In K. Kheng-Lian, L. Lin-Heng, & J. Lin (Eds.), Crucial Issues in Climate Change and the Kyoto Protocol: Asia and the World (pp. 473-504). World Scientific Publishing Co, Singapore.##Heydari, A., Hosseini, M. & Shahbazi, E. (2007). Comparing the characteristics of extension agents in the Ministries of Agriculture and Jihad-Sazandegi in order to prioritize and determine the optimal characteristics for agricultural extension system. Journal of Iranian Agricultural Extension and Education Science, 2(2), 17-29 (In Farsi).##Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change; IPCC (2007). Climate change- impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. 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A cross-national study of agricultural extension and education competencies. Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education, 10(1), 51-59.##Mustapha, S.B., Undiandeye, U.C., & Gwary, M.M. (2012). The role of extension in agricultural adaptation to climate change in the Sahelian zone of Nigeria. Journal of Environment and Earth Science, 2(6), 48-58.##Namdar, R., Pezeshkirad, G., & Chizari, M. (2011). Professional competencies required by the Ministry of Agriculture evaluation experts. Journal of Agricultural Education Management, 12(1), 23-31 (In Farsi).##Nelson, G.C. (2009). Agriculture and climate change: An agenda for negotiation in Copenhagen. 2020 Focus, No. 16. Retrieved from http://www.ifpri.org/ 2020/focus/focus16.asp.##Oven, M. (2004). Defining key sub-competencies for agricultural extension workers. Journal of Extension, 44(2), 33-39. ##Ozor, N. (2009). Implications of climate change for national development: The way forward. 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0 تحلیل عوامل مؤثر بر استفاده از راهبردهای مدیریت ریسک تولید در بین گندم کاران استان ایلام Analysis Of Factors Affecting The Use Of Risk Management Strategies Among Wheat Farmers In Ilam Province https://ijaedr.ut.ac.ir/article_59722.html 10.22059/ijaedr.2016.59722 0 این پژوهش با هدف شناخت عوامل مؤثر بر استفاده از راهبردهای مدیریت ریسک تولید در بین گندم­کاران استان ایلام و در چارچوب کلی تحقیقات پیمایشی به انجام رسیده است. جامعه آماری تحقیق گندم­کاران استان ایلام به تعداد ۵۵ هزار نفر بودند که حجم نمونه آماری به کمک جدول کرجسی و مورگان تعداد 380 نفر تعیین شد. به منظور تشخیص پایایی قسمت­های مختلف پرسشنامه ‌از روش آلفا کرونباخ استفاده شد که مقدار ضریب محاسبه شده برای انجام تحقیق قابل قبول بود (90/0>α>82/0). روایی محتوایی پرسشنامه نیز با نظرخواهی از کارشناسان مرتبط با موضوع، تأمین شد. پردازش داده‌ها با استفاده از نرم‌افزار 20SPSS انجام گرفت. نتایج تحلیل رگرسیون چندگانه در راستای بررسی نقش متغیرهای مستقل در تبیین متغیر وابسته نشان داد که متغیرهای سطح زیر کشت گندم بیمه شده، عوامل ترویجی، عوامل اجتماعی، عوامل اقتصادی، درآمد کل خانوار و تحصیلات در مجموع  4/46 درصد از واریانس متغیر وابسته را تبیین کردند. نتایج حاصل از تحلیل مسیر نشان داد متغیرهایی که بیشترین واریانس را در سطح استفاده از راهبردهای مدیریت ریسک تولید در بین گندم­کاران تبیین کردند، عوامل اجتماعی، عوامل ترویجی و سطح زیر کشت گندم بیمه شده بودند. 1 This purpose of this research was to recognizing effective factors on using production risk management among wheat farmers in Ilam province. The study was done in the general framework of survey research. Statistical population of the study consists of all wheat farmers in Ilam province (N= 55000), which the sample was determine 380 people by using Krejcie and Morgan Table. In order to determining questionnaire reliability Alpha Cronbach method was used (0.82<α<0.90). Questionnaire content validity was confirmed by panel of expert. Data processing was done with SPSS20. The multiple regressions showed that variables including: insured area under cultivation, agricultural extension agents, economic factors, family income and education determined 4.46 percent of variance of dependent variable. Also, the results of the path analysis showed that the variables with the largest variances in the use of risk management strategies among the farmers were social factors, agricultural extension agents, and insured area under cultivation. 467 478 سامان عزیزی saman azizi دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد ایلام Iran samanazizi123@gmail.com حامد چهارسوقی امین hamed chaharsoughi amin دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد ایلام Iran h_chaharsoughi@outlook.com علیرضا پورسعید Alireza Poursaeid دانشیار ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی دانشگاه ایلام Iran poursaeid@mailinator.com wheat farmers Production risk management Risk management strategies Ilam Province Acker, M. (2007). Evaluation of the field carried out by Agricultural trainees of chnology transfer strategy in Poona the India. Association International Agricultural Extension and Education, 6(3).##Burak, H., Saner, G. & Adanacioglu, H. (2015). Risk sources encountered by farmers in the open field production of strawberry and risk management strategies: A case of Menemenemiralem district of Izmir. Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 21(3), 13-25.##Coble, K. H., Dismukes, R. & Thomas, S. (2007). Policy implications of crop yield and revenue variability at differing levels of disaggregation, Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Agricultural Economics Association, Portland.##Coble, K. H., Heifner, R. G. & Zubiga, M. (2010). Implications of crop yield and revenue - insurance for producer hedging‖. Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, 25 (2), 432-452.##Garavandi, SH and A.H. Alibeygi (2009). Recognizing determinant in agricultural risk management: the study of farmars in Kermanshah County. Iranian Journal of Economic Research and Agricultural Development. 42(2). pp. 255-264.  (In Farsi)##Gray, A. W., Boehlje, M. D., Gloy, B. A. & Slinsky, S. P. (2007). How US farm programs and crop revenue insurance affect returns to farm land. Review of Agricultural economics, 26 (2), 238-253.##Green, J. (2003). Risk management for small farms, Cornell small farms program, 225-607.##Hardaker, B. K. (2009). Payment limitations and acreage decisions under risk aversion: A simulation approach. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 91(1), 19-41.##Jackman, M. D., Dalsted, L. N. & Fetsch, J. R. (2015). Managing good and bad times: Extension risk-management pilot evaluation. Journal of Extension. 53(2), 1-12.##Lu, W., Xi, A. & Ye, J. (2008). Disaster risk reduction strategies and risk management practices: Critical elements for adaptation to climate change. UNFCC, 11 November##Meuwissen, M. P., Huirne, B. N. & Hardaker, J. B. (2001). Risk and risk management: An empirical analysis of Dutch livestock’s farmers. Livestock production science, 69 (3), 43-53##Ommani, M. & Nikandish. M. (2009). Recognizing effective factors on application of agronomy production strategies among wheat farmers in Dezfoul County. Journal of Research in Economics and Agricultural Extension, 17-26.##Rostami, F., Shaabanali fami, H., Movahed mohamadi, H. & Ervani, H. (2006). Management production wheat in family farm system (case study Harsin County). Iranian Journal of Agricultural sciences. (In Farsi).##Torkamani, J. (2000). Measuring and assessing main methods determining toward risk’s farmer (The case study of Units dairy farmers). Scientific and Research Quarterly Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development, 31(4), 31-55.##Velandia, M., Rejesus, R. M., Knight, O. T. & Sherrick, J. B. (2009). Factors affecting farmers’ utilization of agricultural risk management tools: The case of crop insurance, forward contracting, and spreading sales. Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics. 41(1), 107-123.##

0 تحلیل موانع و راهکارهای توسعه عدالت‌محور صنایع کشاورزی در ایران Analysis of Obstacles and Solutions of Pro Poor Development of Agricultural Industries in Iran https://ijaedr.ut.ac.ir/article_59723.html 10.22059/ijaedr.2016.59723 0 کسب و کارهای کشاورزی، به‌ویژه صنایع کشاورزی، نقش مهمی را به عنوان موتور محرکه رشد بخش کشاورزی ایفا می‌کنند. با وجود این، صنایع کشاورزی در ایران رشد مناسبی نداشته‌اند و نقش لازم را در توسعه کشاورزی، به‌ویژه از طریق ایجاد بازار پردرآمدتر برای کشاورزان خرده‌مالک ایفا نکرده‌اند. از این‌رو، هدف از پژوهش کیفی حاضر که با روش نظریه زمینه‌ای انجام شد، شناخت مشکلات توسعه عدالت‌محور صنایع کشاورزی و واکاوی راهکارهای مربوطه بود. اطلاعات مورد نیاز از طریق مصاحبه نیمه‌ساختارمند با 18 نفر از متخصصان مرتبط جمع‌آوری شد. روایی و پایایی نتایج، توسط روش تکثرگرایی داده‌ها و بازخورد به مشارکت‌کنندگان مورد تأیید قرار گرفت. کدگذاری متن مصاحبه‌ها نشان داد، «فقدان برنامه‌ریزی ویژه در توسعه صنایع کشاورزی بر اساس قابلیت‌ها، نیازها، اولویت‌ها و الزامات تولید کشاورزی و در تعامل با کشاورزان» به عنوان معضل محوری، مانع از توسعه مناسب صنایع کشاورزی شده است و در نتیجه، صنایع مذکور، اثرات فراگیر بر بخش تولید محصولات خام و معیشت جامعه محلی نداشته‏اند. این تحقیق بر اساس یافته‏ها، راهکارهایی را برای توسعه عادلانه و درون‌زای صنایع مذکور ارایه کرده است. الزام به استقرار صنایع کشاورزی در نواحی صنعتی روستایی و کنار قطب‌های تولید، توسعه شبکه خرید مستقیم محصول اولیه توسط صنعتگران از کشاورزان از طریق پیمانکاری فرعی و اختصاص سهام‌هایی از سهام کارخانه صنایع کشاورزی به روستاییان از جمله این راهکارها هستند. 1 Agribusinesses, especially agricultural industries play an important role as driving force for agricultural growth. However, these industries have not experienced appropriate growth and have not derived agricultural development, particularly through providing more remunerative markets for small farmers. The main purpose of this qualitative study was to achieve a deep understanding about obstacles and solutions for poor development of agricultural industries in Iran. Using semi-structured interview, 18 experts in the field were interviewed. The validity and reliability of findings was tested using triangulation and obtaining feedback from the participants in the interview. Coding of the interviews revealed that “lack of specific planning for developing agricultural industries based on the capabilities, needs, priorities, and requirements of farming sector and in interaction with farmers” recognized as axial issue, which has prevented synergies between agricultural industries, farming sector and livelihood of local community. Regarding to the challenges of Iranian agricultural industries, the study provided some solutions for pro poor and endogenous development of these industries. To necessitate establishing agro-industries enterprises in rural industrial areas and nearby agricultural production poles, develop direct purchase of agricultural products from farmers through sub-contracting and allocate some stocks of agro-industries enterprises to rural people are examples of the solutions.    479 498 حجت ورمزیاری - - دانشگاه تهران Iran varmazyari2007@gmail.com فرحناز رستمی - - دانشگاه رازی کرمانشاه Iran fr304@yahoo.com محسن صمدی - - وزارت جهاد کشاورزی Iran samad531@gmail.com مصطفی بنی‌اسدی - - دانشگاه شهید باهنر کرمان Iran baniasadi.m65@gmail.com Agribusinesses agricultural industries pro poor and endogenous development Asgari, A., Haji Nejad, A., Asgarpour, H. & Mohammad Zadeh, P. (2004). Productivity of rural industries in Iran. Journal of Economic Research, 14: 57-33. 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Journal of Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Communities, Ashgate Publishing Limited, pp. 145-160.##Chang, T. (1990). Political regimes and development strategies: South Korea and Taiwan. In: G. Gereffi and D.L.Wyman, eds. Manufcturing miracles: paths of industrialization in Latin America and East Asia. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.##Corbridge, S. (1995). Development studies: a reader. New York: Edward Arnold.##Cowen, M. P. & Shenton, R. W. (1996). Doctrines of development. London: Routledge.##Da Silva, C.A., Baker, D., Shepherd, A., Jenane, C. & Miranda-da-Cruz, S. (2009). Journal of Agro-industries for development.        Wallingford, UK, CABI Publishing.##Dasilva, C.A. & Mhlanga, N. (2011). Innovative policies And institutions To support agro-industries Development. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.##Esfandiari, A.A. & Tarahomi, F. (2010). Effects of agriculture sector on the Iran's economy. Journal of Agriculture and Development, 18(71): 235-215. (In Farsi).##FAO. (2003). World agriculture: towards 2015/2030 AN FAO PERSPECTIVE. Edited by Jelle Bruinsma. Earthscan Publications Ltd. London.##FAO. (2007). Challenges of Agribusiness and Agro-Industry Development. Rome: Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), Committee on Agriculture.##Goodland, R., Daly, H., El Serafy, S., & Von Droste, B. (1992). Environmentally sustainable economic development: building on brundtland. Paris: UNESCO.##Grosse, M., Harttgen, K., & Klasen, S. (2008). Measuring pro-poor growth in non-income dimensions. World Development, 36(6), 1021-1047.##Haggblade, S., Hazell, P. & Reardon, T. (2010). The Rural Non-farm Economy: Prospects for Growth and Poverty Reduction. World Development, 38(10): 1429-1441.##Huylenbroeck, G. V. & Durand, G. (2003). Multifunctionality Agriculture: A New Paradigm for European Agriculture and Rural Development (Perspectives on Rural Policy and Planning). Ashgate: Gower.##Jafee, D. (1998). Levels of socio-economic development theory. Praeger west port. Connecticut London.##Kay, C. (2009). Development strategies and rural development: exploring synergies, eradicating poverty. The Journal of Peasant Studies, 36(1), Special Issue: Critical perspectives in agrarian change and peasant studies.##Kemm, M.S. & Martin-Quirós, M.A. (1996). Changing the balance of power: tour operators and tourism supplies in the Spanish tourism industry. In: Harrison, L.C. and Husbands, W. (eds), Practising Responsible Tourism. Chichester, Wiley, pp. 126–44.##Little, I.M.D., Scitovsky, T. & Scott, M. (1970). Industry and Trade in Some Developing Countries. Oxford: Oxford University Press.##Maleki, B. (2009). Economic Development and Planning.SID Organization Publication. (In Farsi).##Meshkinfar, N., Mahunak Sadeghi, A., Mohamad Rezaeifar, A., Ghorbani, M. & Kashaninejad, M. (2014). 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0 تحلیل تغییرات فصلی وضعیت امنیت غذایی خانوارهای کشاورزان خرده پای استان مازندران An Analysis Of Seasonal Changes Of Household Food Security Status Among Smallholder Farmers In Mazandaran Province https://ijaedr.ut.ac.ir/article_59734.html 10.22059/ijaedr.2016.59734 0 پژوهش حاضر از نوع تحقیقات توصیفی و علی- مقایسه­ای می­باشد که به روش پیمایشی و با هدف سنجش وضعیت امنیت غذایی خانوارها و بررسی تغییرات آن در طول سال زراعی 93-92 در سطح حدود 200 هزار خانوار کشاورز خرده­پای[1] استان مازندران در دو مقطع زمانی[2] به اجرا درآمده است. با کمک جدول کرجسی و مورگان حجم نمونه آماری مورد مطالعه 384 نفر تعیین شد. برای دسترسی دقیق به خانوارهای مورد مطالعه از روش نمونه­گیری چند مرحله­ای بهره گرفته شد. ابزار جمع­آوری اطلاعات، مقیاس­ استاندارد سنجش ناامنی غذایی خانوار از بعد دسترسی[3] بود که اعتبار ظاهری و محتوایی آن بعد از چند مرحله بررسی و اصلاحات با کمک پانل متخصصان مربوطه مورد تأیید قرار گرفت. مقدار آلفای کرونباخ(93/0) حاصل از اجرای پیش آزمون بیانگر پایایی بسیار بالای ابزار تحقیق در سطح جامعه مورد مطالعه بود. بررسی وضعیت امنیت غذایی در طی دو مقطع زمانی مورد مطالعه نشان داده است که در مقطع زمانی پس از برداشت[4] نیمی از خانوارهای مورد مطالعه در طبقه امن غذایی قرار گرفتند و نیمی دیگر درجات متفاوتی از ناامنی غذایی را تجربه کرده­اند و در فاصله زمانی پیش از برداشت[5] حدود 35 درصد از خانوارها در طبقه امن غذایی قرار گرفتند و بقیه درجات متفاوتی از ناامنی غذایی را تجربه کرده­اند. نتایج نشان داد که بین سطح امنیت غذایی خانوارها در ماههای ابتدایی سال زراعی و سطح آن در ماههای پایانی سال زراعی تفاوت معنی­داری وجود داشته است. به طوری که خانوارهای مورد مطالعه در ماههای ابتدایی سال زراعی در مقایسه با ماه­های پایانی از سطح امنیت غذایی بالاتری برخوردار بودند. به عبارت دیگر، هر چه به پایان سال زراعی نزدیک می­شویم سطح امنیت غذایی خانوارهای کشاورزان خرده­پا کاهش می­یابد. [1] . منظور کشاورزانی است که در مقطع زمانی مورد مطالعه(سال زراعی 93-92) مساحت اراضی زراعی آنها در مجموع کمتر از 10 هکتار و مساحت اراضی باغی آنها کمتر از 2 هکتار بوده و معمولاً دارای واحدهای دامی کوچک سنتی یا نیمه صنعتی نیز بودند. [2] . مطالعه حاضر در دو مقطع زمانی یعنی 2 الی 3 ماه ابتدایی سال زراعی 93-92 (2 الی 3 ماه بعد از برداشت محصول) و 2 الی 3 ماه پایانی سال زراعی 93-92(2 الی 3 ماه قبل از برداشت محصول) به اجرا درآمده  است. [3] . HFIAS(Household Food Insecurity Access Scale) [4] . post- harvest period [5]. Pre-harvest period 1 This study has investigated Smallholder Farmers’ Household Food Security Level in Mazandaran Province during the two times i.e pre-harvest period and post-harvest period. Using Krejcie and Morgan’s Detrmining Sample table, 384 farmers selected as a sample. A Multi-Stage Sampling Technique was used to select preciously subjects. Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS) was the main tool for collecting data on food security status. Face and content validity of scale was justified during the several steps with using an expert’s panel. The value of cronbach’s α (0.93) indicated high internal consistency of the scale. The Results showed that during the pre-harvest period about 35% of households classified into secure category, but during the post-harvest period about 50% of Households classified into secure category. Also, results indicated that Household Food Security Level has been more improved during the post-harvest period rather than pre-harvest period. In other word, seasonal changes has affected on household food security level.   499 510 علی احمدی فیروزجائی Ali AhmadiFirouzjaie دانشجوی دوره دکتری توسعه کشاورزی دانشکده اقتصاد و توسعه کشاورزی دانشگاه تهران Iran ahmadi_a70@yahoo.com حسین شعبانعلی فمی Hossein Shabanali-Fami دانشیار دانشکده اقتصاد و توسعه کشاورزی دانشگاه تهران Iran hfami@ut.ac.ir ناصر مطیعی Naser Motiee استادیار دانشکده اقتصاد و توسعه کشاورزی دانشگاه تهران Iran shmotiee@ut.ac.ir فاطمه محمدی نصرآبادی Fatemeh Mohammadi-Nasrabadi استادیار پژوهشی انستیتو تحقیقات تغذیه ای و صنایع غذایی کشور، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی شهید بهشتی Iran mohammadi.fatemeh@gmail.com Food security seasonal Food Insecurity Smallholder Farmers’ Households Mazandaran HFIAS Coates, J., Swindale, A., & Bilinsky, P. (2007). Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS) for Measurement of Household Food Access: Indicator Guide (v. 3). Washington, D.C.: Food and Nutrition Technical Assistance Project, Academy for Educational Development.##Cohen Jacob. (1988). 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0 بررسی تاثیر عوامل فردی و محیطی بر تشخیص فرصت‌های کارآفرینی: نقش تعدیلی محیط کارآفرینی Studying The Effects Of Individual And Environmental Factors On Entrepreneurial Opportunity Recognition: Moderating Effect Of Entrepreneurial Environment https://ijaedr.ut.ac.ir/article_59735.html 10.22059/ijaedr.2016.59735 0 در سال‌های اخیر یکی از مهم‌ترین مباحث تحقیق در حوزه کارآفرینی، تشخیص فرصت می‌باشد. این تحقیق سعی دارد تا با تلفیق هر دو گروه عوامل فردی و محیطی در یک الگوی تحقیق، نقش تعدیلی محیط کارآفرینی بر روابط بین خلاقیت، تجربه کارآفرینی و الگوی نقش کارآفرینی را بررسی نماید. داده‌های پژوهش از طریق پرسشنامه از نمونه‌ای متشکل از 300 دانشجوی کشاورزی در چهار دانشگاه دولتی در غرب کشور جمع‌آوری شد. نتایج حاصل از مدل‌یابی معادلات ساختاری نشان داد که هر سه متغیر فردی با تشخیص فرصت رابطه معنی‌داری دارند اما قوی‌ترین رابطه بین خلاقیت و تشخیص فرصت وجود داشت. همچنین، نتایج حاصل از تحلیل رگرسیون چندگانه تعدیل شده نشان داد که خلاقیت در محیط مناسب کارآفرینی رابطه قوی‌تری با توانایی تشخیص فرصت دانشجویان دارد. این تحقیق هم به ادبیات تشخیص فرصت و هم به نظریه‌های محیط نهادی و ویژگی‌های شخیصتی از طریق نشان دادن نقش تعدیلی محیط کارآفرینی بر رابطه بین خلاقیت و تشخیص فرصت کمک می­کند. 1 Opportunity recognition is a key focal point of research in the entrepreneurship domain in recent years. The purpose of this study was to incorporate individual and environmental factors into a research model in order to investigate the moderating effect of entrepreneurial environment on the relationships between creativity, entrepreneurial experience and entrepreneurial role models and opportunity recognition.  Data were collected on 300 students from four public universities in western Iran. The results of structural equation modeling indicated that all three individual factors were significantly related to opportunity recognition while creativity had the strongest relationship. The results of Moderated regression analysis showed the entrepreneurial environment to moderate the relationship between creativity and opportunity recognition, such that the positive relationship was stronger when the environment was conducive to entrepreneurship. This research contributes both to the opportunity identification literature and to theories of institutional environment and personality traits by showing empirically the entrepreneurial environment moderates. 511 520 سعید کریمی Saeid Karimi عضو هیات علمی دانشگاه بوعلی سینا Iran skarimi@basu.ac.ir Entrepreneurship Opportunity recognition Creativity entrepreneurial environment moderating effect Ahlin, B., Drnovsˇek, M., & Hisrich, R. D. (2014). Entrepreneurs’ creativity and firm innovation: the moderating role of entrepreneurial self-efficacy. Small Bus Econ, 43, 101–117.##Amabile, T. (2001). Beyond Talent. American Psychologist, 56, 333-336.##Ardichvilia, A., Cardozob, R., & Ray, S. (2003). A theory of entrepreneurial opportunity identification and development. Journal of Business Venturing, 18, 105-123.##BarNir, A., Watson, W. E., & Hutchins, H. M. (2011). Mediation and Moderated Mediation in the Relationship Among Role Models, Self-Efficacy, Entrepreneurial Career Intention, and Gender. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 41(2), 270-297.##Baron, R. A. (2007). Behavioral and cognitive factors in entrepreneurship: entrepreneurs as the active element in new venture creation. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 1(1-2), 167-182.##Baron, R. A., & Tang, J. (2011). The role of entrepreneurs in firm-level innovation: Joint effects of positive affect, creativity, and environmental dynamism. Journal of Business Venturing, 26(1), 49-60.##Bhave, M. P. (1994). A Process Model of Entrepreneurial Venture Creation. Journal of Business Venturing, 9, 223–242.##Bosma, N., Hessels, J., Schutjens, V., Praag, M. V., & Verheul, I. (2012). Entrepreneurship and role models. Journal of Economic Psychology, 33(2), 410-424.##Busenitz, L. W., Gomez, C., & Spencer, J. W. (2000). Country institutional profiles: Unlocking entrepreneurial phenomena. Academy of Management Journal, 43(5), 994–1003##Corbett, A. C. (2007). Learning asymmetries and the discovery of entrepreneurial opportunities. Journal of Business Venturing, 22(1), 97-118.##Davidsson, P., and Honig, B. (2003). The role of social and human capital among nascent entrepreneurs. Journal of Business Venturing 18(3), 301-331.##Davidsson, P. (2004). Role models and perceived social support. In Gartner, W., Shaver, K., Carter, N. and Reynolds, P. (Eds), Handbook of Entrepreneurial Dynamics: The Process of Business Creation, Chapter 16, Sage Publications, London, pp. 179-185.##Dimov, D. (2007). From Opportunity Insight to Opportunity Intention: The Importance of Person-Situation Learning Match. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice 31(4), 561-583.##Fornahl, D. (2003), Entrepreneurial activities in a regional context. In: Fornahl, D. and Brenner, T. (eds.), Cooperation, Networks and Institutions in Regional Innovation Systems. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 38-57.##Frazier, P. A., Tix, A. P., and Baron, K. E. (2004). Testing moderator and mediator effects in counseling psychology. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 51, 115–134.##George, M.N., Parida, V., Lahti, T., & Wincent, J. (2014). A systematic literature review of entrepreneurial opportunity recognition: insights on influencing factors. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal.##Gielnik, M. M., Frese, M., Graf, J. M., & Kampschulte, A. (2012). Creativity in the opportunity identification process and the moderating effect of diversity of information. Journal of Business Venturing, 27(5), 559-576.##González, M. d. l. D., & Husted, B. W. (2011). Gender, human capital, and opportunity identification in Mexico. International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, 3(3), 236-253.##Hennessey, B. A., & Amabile, T. M. (2010). Creativity. Annual Review of Psychology, 61(1), 569-598.##Hills, G.E, Lumpkin, G.T & Singh, R.P (1997). 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(2014b). Effects of role models and gender on students’ entrepreneurial intentions. European Journal of Training and Development, 38(8), 694-727.##Lumpkin, G.T., Hills, G.E. and Schrader, R.C. (2001). Opportunity recognition. A CEAE White Paper.##North, D. C. (1990). Institutions, institutional change and economic performance. Cambridge (UK): Cambridge University Press.##Ozgen, E. (2003). Entrepreneurial opportunity recognition: information flow, social and cognitive perspective (unpublished doctoral dissertation). Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY.##Ozgen, E., & Baron, R. A. (2007). Social sources of information in opportunity recognition: Effects of mentors, industry networks, and professional forums. Journal of Business Venturing, 22(2), 174-192. doi: 10.1016/j.jbusvent.2005.12.001##Park, J. S. (2005). Opportunity recognition and product innovation in entrepreneurial hi-tech start-ups: a new perspective and supporting case study. 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0 بررسی نقش شایستگی ها و عوامل محیطی بر موفقیت کارآفرینان روستایی شهرستان کرمانشاه Investigating the Role of Competencies and Environmental Factors on Success of Rural Entrepreneurs, in the Kermanshah Township https://ijaedr.ut.ac.ir/article_59736.html 10.22059/ijaedr.2016.59736 0 هدف از این پژوهش بررسی اثر شایستگی­ها و عوامل محیطی مؤثر بر موفقیت کارآفرینان روستایی شهرستان کرمانشاه است. جامعه آماری مورد مطالعه شامل 110 نفر از کارآفرینان روستایی بود که با استفاده از جدول کرجسی و مورگان، حجم نمونه 86 نفر تعیین شد و برای دستیابی دقیق به افراد مورد مطالعه، از روش نمونه­گیری تصادفی طبقه­ای استفاده شد. به منظور گردآوری داده­ها، از ابزار پرسشنامه و برای تجزیه و تحلیل یافته­ها از تحلیل همبستگی و رگرسیون سلسله مراتبی استفاده شد. نتایج نشان داد که شایستگی­های سازماندهی و رهبری، فرصت و روابط از مهم­ترین شایستگی­های مؤثر بر موفقیت هستند. از دیدگاه کارآفرینان روستایی، محیط کسب و کار فعلی محیطی پویا و متخاصم است که در چنین محیطی کارآفرین برای کسب موفقیت نیازمند انعطاف­پذیری بالایی است و ماندگاری کسب و کار، بیشتر از سودآوری ارزشمند است. نتایج تحلیل رگرسیون سلسله مراتبی نیز نشان داد که متغیر محیط در رابطه بین شایستگی و موفقیت، نقش تعدیل کننده را ایفا می­کند. بنابر یافته­ها می­توان گفت که بخشی از اثر شایستگی بر موفقیت کارآفرینان از طریق محیط تبیین می­شود. بنابراین، در یک محیط پویا و متخاصم، کارآفرینانی که سطح بالایی از شایستگی­ها را دارند بهتر از کارآفرینانی با سطح پایین شایستگی عمل می­کنند. 1 The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of competencies and environmental factors on the success of rural entrepreneurs in Kermanshah Township. The statistical population consisted of 110 rural entrepreneurs, which with using Kerjci and Morgan table, a sample size of 86 people were selected by random sampling technique. To collect the data, questionnaire was used. Correlation and multiple regressions were conducted for data analysis. The results show that the organization and leadership, opportunities and relationships competencies are the most important competencies affecting success. From the perspective of rural entrepreneurs, the business environment is dynamic and hostile that in such an environment, the entrepreneur to be successful requires flexibility and the survival of the business; the greater the profitability is valuable. Results of multiple regression shows that environment plays a moderating role in the relationship between competences and the success of rural entrepreneurs. Therefore, in a dynamic and hostile environment, entrepreneurs with a high level of competence are better to act than entrepreneurs with low-level competence. 521 532 بهروز راسخی - - گروه زراعت ، واحد کرمانشاه ،دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، کرمانشاه، ایران Iran rezvangh20007@yahoo.com رضوان قمبرعلی - - دانشگاه لرستان، دانشکده کشاورزی، گروه توسعه روستایی Iran ghanbari.re@lu.ac.ir امیرحسین علی بیگی - - دانشگاه رازی، دانشکده کشاورزی، گروه ترویج کشاورزی و توسعه روستایی Iran baygi1@gmail.com Entrepreneurship Rural Entrepreneurship Competency Success environmental factors Ahmad, H.M., Ramayah, T., Wilson, C., & Kummerow, L. (2010).  Is entrepreneurial competency and business success relationship contingent upon business environment? : A study of Malaysian SMEs. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 16(3), 182-203 ##Ahmad, N. (2007). 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