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0 صفحات آغازین First Pages https://ijaedr.ut.ac.ir/article_55014.html 10.22059/ijaedr.2015.55014 0 1 - 1 4

0 بررسی اثر سیاست‌های حمایتی بر سطح زیرکشت پنبه در استان گلستان Investigating the effect of supportive policies on cotton acreage in Golestan Province https://ijaedr.ut.ac.ir/article_54885.html 10.22059/ijaedr.2015.54885 0 پنبه از گذشته تا به حال یکی از کالاهای اساسی و راهبردی در ایران است. استان گلستان در سال‌های گذشته بخش عظیمی از پنبة مورد نیاز کشور را تأمین کرد و به یکی از قطب‌های اصلی کشت این محصول تبدیل شد. در مطالعة حاضر، اثر سیاست‌های حمایتی بر عرضة پنبة استان گلستان با استفاده از متغیر نسبت شاخص حمایت از تولیدکنندة پنبه به محصولات رقیب آن به‌عنوان متغیر نشان‌دهندة اثر سیاست‌ها و حمایت‌های دولتی بررسی شد که این کار از طریق برآورد معادلات واکنش سطح زیرکشت پنبة آبی و دیم در قالب الگوی تعدیل جزئی نرلاو صورت گرفت. نتایج نشان می‌دهد اثر مثبت متغیر نسبت شاخص حمایت از تولیدکنندة پنبه به محصولات رقیب آن در هر دو معادلة سطح زیرکشت آبی و دیم پنبه معنی‌دار بود. کشش عرضة این متغیر در مدل پنبة آبی در کوتاه‌مدت 12/0 درصد و در بلند‌مدت 27/0 درصد و در مدل واکنش عرضة پنبة دیم نیز مقدار کشش عرضة این متغیر در کوتاه‌مدت 16/0 درصد و در بلند‌مدت 26/0 درصد است. پیشنهاد می‌شود علاوه‌بر افزایش سودآوری نسبی پنبه نسبت به رقبای آن و کاهش واردات بدون برنامه، افزایش حمایت‌های قیمتی و غیر قیمتی از پنبه مانند قیمت تضمینی به‌منظور ایجاد انگیزه در کشاورزان برای افزایش عرضة این محصول صورت پذیرد. 1 From the past cotton has been introduced as one of the basic and strategic goods in Iran. Golestan province, during the past years has provided a large part of the nation's cotton requirement and has become one of the main poles of cultivation of this product. In this paper, the effects of support policies on Golestan's cotton supply has been investigated by using variable of producer support estimate of cotton to competing products and estimating irrigated and dryland acreage response equations through Nerlove's partial adjustment model. The results shows that the positive effect of producer support estimate of cotton to its competing products on cotton acreage has been significant in both irrigated and dryland models. Supply elasticity’s of this variable in the irrigated model is 0.12 in short run and 0.27 in long run. In dryland model, this elasticity is 0.16 and 0.26 respectively in short run and long run. According to the results, in addition to increasing the relative profitability of cotton compared to its competitors and reducing non-programing import, rising price and non-price supports of cotton like guaranteed prices in order to motivate farmers to increase the supply of this product is suggested. 197 206 سید صفدر حسینی Seyed Safdar Hosseini استاد دانشکدة اقتصاد و توسعة کشاورزی، دانشگاه تهران ایران hosseini_safdar@yahoo.com مرضیه امین روان Marzieh Aminravan کارشناس ‌ارشد اقتصادکشاورزی دانشکدة اقتصاد و توسعة کشاورزی، دانشگاه تهران ایران m.aminravan@yahoo.com استان گلستان پنبه سیاست‌های حمایتی سطح زیرکشت شاخص حمایت از تولیدکننده Alikhani, M., Sadrol Ashrafi, M., Yazdani, S. & Shirin Bakhsh, Sh. (2010). Economic analysis of government intervention policies effects on cotton pricing in Iran. Journal of Agricultural Economics, 4(1), 31-49. (In Farsi).##Aminravan, M. (2013). Evaluating affecting factors on supply response of cotton produces in Golestan province, M.Sc. Thesis, Department of Agricultural Economics and Development, Tehran University. (In Farsi).##Atghayi Kordkolayi, M. (2010). Evaluating of equilibrium exchange rate and investigating of its possible effects on support of agricultural producers’ indicator in Iran. M.Sc. MSc Thesis, Department of Agricultural Economics and Development, Tehran University. (In Farsi).##Bakhshodeh, M. & Shafiei, H. (2006). Investigating Effects of Guaranteed Purchasing Policy on Land Cultivations and Yields of Cotton, Potatoes and Onions in Fars Province. Journal of Science and Technology of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Isfahan University of Technology; 10 (3):257-265. (In Farsi).##Behbod, A. & Najafi, B. (2011). Investigating effects of protectionist policy on the supply of sunflower. Journal of Agricultural Economics Research. Vol. 3, Number. 2: 133-146. (In Farsi).##Britt M.D. (2002). Producer response for cotton in United States. MSc Thesis, Agricultural and applied economics. Texas Tech university.##Elawad Salih S.M. (2001). Supply response of Sudan's cotton industry: Implications of government intervention. Phd. Philosophy. Economics and management. University Putra Malaysia.##Granger C.W.J. (1988). Some Recent Developments in a Concept of Causality. Journal of Econometrics, (39) 199-211.##Haeri, A. & Asayesh, A. (2009). Investigating cotton situation in Iran & Word, Office of Strategic and statistical studies of textile industry (Iran Textile Industries Association). (In Farsi).##Houston J.E., Mcintosh CS., Stavriotis P.A. & Tumer S.C (1999). Leading Indicators of Regional Cotton Acreage Response: Structural and Time Series Modeling results. Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics. 31 (3): 507-517.##Mehrparvar Hosseini, E. (2013). Investigate the factors on the behavior of the trade balance of agriculture in Iran. MSc Thesis, Agricultural Economics, Department of Agricultural Economics and Development, Tehran University. (In Farsi).##Mohammadi, H., Faraj Zadeh, Z. & Kafil Zadeh, F. (2009). Impact of government supportive policy on supply, acreage and yield of sugar beet in Iran. Journal of Sugar Beet, 25(1). (In Farsi).##Moraes M. (2006). Soybean acreage response in Brazil. Presented at the NCCC-134 conference on applied commodity price analysis, forecasting and market risk management. St. Louis, Missouri.##Najafi, B. (2002). Investigating of the sugar beet price support policies: issues and approaches. Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development. 10(39), 28-47.##Nerlove M. (1956). Estimates of elasticities of supply of selected agricultural commodities. Journal of farm economics. 38( 2), 496-509.##Nerlove M. (1958). Distributed lags and estimation of long-run supply and demand elasticities: Theoretical Considerations. Journal of Farm Economics. (40), 301-311.##Parrott S.D. & McIntosh C.S. (1996). Nonconstant price expectations and acreage response: The case of cotton production in Georgia. Journal of agricultural and applied economics, 28(1), 203-210.##Rafati, M. (1991). Institute of Business Studies and Research, Cotton world market, International commodity market Publication, 4(2). (In Farsi).##Sadighi, H., Lavler,  K. A. (2007). Econometric, Applied Approach, translated by: Shirin Bakhsh, Sh., Avaye-Noor Publisher. (In Farsi).##Salehi Rad, M. (2007). Investigating the factors affecting on the development of the acreage of rape oilseed with emphasis on the role of government policies. MSc Thesis, Agricultural Economics, Department of Agricultural Economics and Development, Tehran University. (In Farsi).##Statistics and information sector of Golestan province’s Jahad-Keshavarzi, 2010.##Strategic plan of cotton research, Institute of Cotton Research, 2007.##23.    Taheri, F., Yazdani, S. & Mohamadi, H. (2009). Effects of government protective policies on supply, acreage and yield of wheat in Iran. Journal of Agricultural Economics Research, 1(1), 95-114. (In Farsi).##Web site of Jahade-Keshavarzi Ministry. (2012). Office of Statistics and Information Technology.##Web site of Jahade-Keshavarzi Ministry. (2012). Agricultural Data Bank of Jahade-Keshavarzi Ministry.##Web site of Food and Agricultural Organization, (2011).##Yazdani, S. & Mazhari, M. (1995). Investigating the factors affecting on the sugar been supply in Khorasan province. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 26(4), 1-7.##Yu B., Liu F. & You L (2010). Dynamic agricultural supply response under economic transformation: A case study of Henan province. International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) discussion paper 00987:2010.##Zare, E., Chizari, A. & Nemati, N. (2010). Analysis of pricing policy in the cotton market of Iran. Journal of Agricultural and Development Economics, 18(69). (In Farsi).##

0 سهم اقتصادی مصرف منابع جنگلی در معیشت روستایی (مورد مطالعه: منطقه هزارجریب شهرستان بهشهر) The economic contribution of forest resources use to rural livelihoods (Case study: Hezar Jarib area of Behshahr City) https://ijaedr.ut.ac.ir/article_54886.html 10.22059/ijaedr.2015.54886 0 منابع جنگل نقش مهمی در معیشت و رفاه صدها میلیون نفر از مردم کشورهای درحال توسعه دارند. هدف از این مطالعه بررسی اهمیت محصولات جنگل در درآمد خانوار روستایی و سطح فقر و نابرابری است. داده­ها و اطلاعات اقتصاد­ی- اجتماعی 160 خانوار روستایی حاشیة جنگل منطقة هزارجریب از طریق پرسشنامه و مصاحبة حضوری جمع­آوری شد. با استفاده از خط فقر روستایی سال 1389 و تعدیل آن برای سال تحقیق (1392)، شاخص­های فقر و نابرابری (ضریب جینی) در دو مرحله محاسبه شد: اول، با احتساب درآمد جنگل و دوم، بدون درنظرگرفتن درآمد جنگل در درآمد کل خانوار. نتایج نشان داد منابع زیست‌محیطی ترکیبی مهم در معیشت خانوار روستایی است، به‌طوری‌که جنگل دومین سهم درآمدی (30 درصد) را از متوسط ​​کل درآمد خانوار دربر دارد. همچنین، با حذف درآمد جنگل از اقتصاد خانوار، تعداد فقرا 8/1 برابر می‌شود و فاصلة آن‌ها از خط فقر افزایش می­یابد (2/4 برابر). نابرابری توزیع درآمد نیز با حذف درآمد جنگل 28/1 برابر می‌شود و سطح رفاه جامعة روستاییان به میزان 2/323 میلیون ریال کاهش می­یابد؛ بنابراین، ترکیب درآمد جنگل در حساب درآمد خانوار، فقر و نابرابری روستایی را به میزان شایان توجهی کاهش می‌دهد که پیش‌زمینة پایداری محیط زیست است. 1 Forest resources play an important role in rural livelihoods and wellbeing of hundred millions of people in developing countries. The aim of this study is determining the importance of forest products in rural household’s income and poverty levels and inequality. Economic-Social data of 160 forest fringe households of Hezar Jabir area of Behshahr city were collected using questionnaires and interviews. According to the rural poverty linein 2010 adjusted for survey year (2013), we measure poverty indices in two stages (with and without forest income). For measuring income inequality, Gini coefficient in two staged (with and without forest income) was used. We found that products from environmental resources represent an important component in rural livelihoods. Our analyses indicate that in the study area, income from forest environmental resources occupies the second largest share (%30) in average total household income. Also, by eliminating forest income, the numbers of poor people were been 1.8 times and the distance is greater than the poverty line (4.2 times). Income inequality is 1.28 times, the welfare of the rural population without forest income decrease to the extent of 323.2 million Rials. Poverty and inequality analyses show that incorporating forest environmental incomes in household accounts significantly reduces measured rural poverty and income inequality, beside poverty reduction is the background of environmental sustainability. 207 215 نازی حیدری ظهیری Nazi Heidari Zahiri دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد اقتصاد کشاورزی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری ایران nheidari03@gmail.com حمید امیرنژاد Hamid Amirnejad دانشیار و عضو هیئت علمی گروه اقتصاد کشاورزی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری ایران hamidamirnejad@yahoo .com سید علی حسینی یکانی Seyed Ali Hosseini Yekani استادیار و عضو هیئت علمی گروه اقتصاد کشاورزی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری ایران hosseiniyekani@gmail.com خط فقر درآمد جنگل شکاف فقر وابستگی اقتصادی Amirnejad, h.(2006). Natural  Resource  economic.University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources of Sari.Forest publishing ,PP30-31.(In farsi)##Appiah, M., Blay, D., Damnyag, L., Dwomoh, F.K., Pappinen, A., & Luukanen, O. (2009). Dependence on forest resources and tropical deforestation in Ghana. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 11 (3), 471–487.##Asfaw,A., Lemenih,M., Kassa,H., & Ewnetu,Z.( 2013). Importance, determinants and gender dimensions of forest income in eastern highlands of Ethiopia: The case of communities around Jelo Afromontane forest .Forest  Policy and Economics, 28, 1-7.##Babulo, B., Muys, B., Nega, F., Tollens, E., Nyssen, J., Deckers, J., & Mathijs, E.(2009).The economic contribution of forest resource use to rural livelihoods in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. Forest Policy and Economics, 11, 109–117.                                                                            ##Cavendish, W. (1999). Poverty, inequality and environmental resources: quantitative analysis of rural households. Working Paper Series 99-9. Center for the study of Africa Economies, Oxford.##Cavendish, W.(2000). Empirical regularities in the poverty-environment relationship of rural households: evidence from Zimbabwe. World Development, 28,1979–2003.##Cavendish, W.(2002). Quantitative methods for estimating the economic value of resource use to rural household. In: Campbell, B. M. Luckert, M.K. (Eds.), Uncovering the hidden harvest:FAO, Food and Agriculture Organization. 2003. State of the World's Forests. FAO, Rome.##Campbell, M.B., & Luckert, K.M.(Eds.).(2002). Uncovering the Hidden Harvest: Valuation Methods for Woodland and Forest Resources. Earthscan Publications Ltd., London.##Economy World newspaper, (2012). Retrieved June23, 2012,from  www.donya-e-eqtesad.com ,( 2678) , pp 8. (In farsi)##Central Bank of Islamic Rebublic of Iran (2003-2013) Consumption Price Index. From http:// www. CBA. ir. (In farsi)##Ellis, F.( 2001).Rural Livelihoods and Diversity in Developing Countries. Oxford University Press, New York.##FAO, Food and Agriculture Organization.(2003). State of the World's Forests. FAO, Rome.##Fisher, M.(2004).Household welfare and forest dependence in Southern Malawi Environment and Development Economics, 9,135–154.##Jalali, M. , (2006). Decomposition of the Gini coefficient and income elasticity. Professiona and   Scientifi Journal of Central Bank of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 63(4). (In farsi)##Kamanga, P., Vedeld, P., & Sjaastad, E.(2009).Forest incomes and rural livelihoods in Chiradzulu District, Malawi. Ecological Economics, 68, 613–624.##Koning, F.D. aga, M.A. Bravo, m., & Chiu, M.(2011).Bridging the gap between forest conservation and poverty alleviation: the Ecuadorian Socio Bosque program environmental science & policy, 14, 531–542.##Lingani, P. C. Tigabu, M. Savadogo, P. Oden, P.C., & Ouad, J.M.(2009). Determinants of access to forest products in southern Burkina Faso.    Forest policy and Economics, 11, 516–524.##Mamo, G., Sjaastad, E., & Vedeld, P.(2007). Economic dependence on forest resources: acase from Dendi District, Ethiopia. Forest Policy and Economics, 9, 916–927.##Narain, U., Gupta, S., & van't Veld, K.(2008). Poverty and resource dependence in rural India. Ecological Economics, 66, 161–176.##Nielsen ,M.R., Pouliot,M., & Bakkegaard,R.K.(2012). Combining income and assets measures to include the transitory nature of poverty in assessments of forest dependence: Evidence from the Democratic Republic of Congo. Ecological Economics, 78, 37–46.##Ravallion, M. (1998). “Poverty Lines in Theory and Practice” Paper No.133 LSMS, Working, World Bank.##Rayamajhi,S., Smith-Hall,C., & Helles,F.(2012). Empirical evidence of the economic importance of Central Himalayan forests to rural households. 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Forest incomes and poverty alleviation under participatory forestmanagement in the Bale Highlands, Southern Ethiopia. International Forestry Review, 12 (1),66–77.##

0 بررسی راهکارهای توسعة توانمندی‌های کارآفرینانة دانشجویان دوره‌های علمی- کاربردی کشاورزی (مورد مطالعه: مرکز آموزش عالی امام خمینی (ره)) Investigating the approaches for development of student’s entrepreneurial capabilities in agricultural scientific-applied courses (Case study: Imam Khomeini Higher Education Center (ihec)) https://ijaedr.ut.ac.ir/article_54887.html 10.22059/ijaedr.2015.54887 0 مهندسی دوبارة ساختار­های دولتی در کشورهای درحال توسعه برای افزایش قدرت حاکمیتی سازمان­های دولتی و افزایش نقش بخش غیر دولتی در توسعة کشاورزی موجب ظهور ظرفیت­های جدیدی برای کارآفرینان و تعمیق موقعیت ایشان در مدیریت و پیشبرد این تحولات شد. نظام آموزش عالی کشاورزی برای حفظ جایگاه مسئولیتی و بهبود توان تأثیرگذاری خود در توسعة کشور، لازم است با افزایش کیفیت برنامه­ریزی آموزشی در تربیت منابع انسانی کارآفرین گام­های اساسی بردارد. معضلات و چالش­های فراروی مراکز آموزش علمی- کاربردی کشاورزی در تربیت این منابع با توجه به ضعف کارآفرینی دانش­آموختگان این مراکز، شناخت و اجرای راهکارهای توسعة توانمندی­های کارآفرینانة دانشجویان را ضروری کرد. تحقیق حاضر با همین هدف و با روش پیمایشی انجام گرفت. در سال 1391، جامعة آماری دانشجویان کشاورزی درحال تحصیل در آن مرکز 1595 نفر بود که با استفاده از فرمول کوکران حجم نمونه 195 نفر تعیین شد. ابزار سنجش پرسشنامه­ای بود که روایی و پایایی آن تأیید شد. نتایج تحقیق نشان داد میانگین رتبه­ای تأثیر راهکارهای توسعة توانمندی­های کارآفرینانة دانشجویان بیش از حد متوسط است (53/3 از 5). همچنین، عوامل «ارائة خدمات مشاوره­ای» و «برنامه­ریزی برای بهبود مهارت­های کارآفرینی» به‌ترتیب 48/20 و 47/19 درصد واریانس راهکارها را تبیین می­کنند. در پایان، پیشنهاد شد «تالار ورودی (Corridor) تخصصی مشاورة کسب‌وکار در مراکز آموزش عالی علمی- کاربردی کشاورزی» ایجاد شود. همچنین، «باید برنامه­ریزی جامعی برای بهبود مهارت­های کسب‌وکار و کارآفرینی دانشجویان از طریق تلفیق مباحث کارآفرینی در سرفصل­های دروس فنی و تخصصی رشته­های کشاورزی» صورت گیرد. 1 Reengineering the governmental construction in developing countries for enhancement of government organization power and enhancement of non-government section role in agricultural development causes advent new capacities of entrepreneurship human resources and prudence their position in managing and these evolution. The agricultural higher education system in order to preserve responsible in training these sources should launch by increasing educational planning quality toward training entrepreneur person. By attention to the problems and challenges of higher education system of applied scientific in education in this resources, recognizing the approaches of developing the student’s entrepreneurial capabilities is necessary. This issue was approved by statistics of graduate’s entrepreneurship in this higher education centers. Therefore, preserving the efficiency of this system is essential to know developing solution of student entrepreneurial abilities and planning to perform them. The main problem was lack of the related information in the greatest agricultural education center (Imam Khomeini higher education center). With regards the purpose of research, it has been done by survey method. The statistical population was 1595 of agricultural students studying in this center in 2012. The sample population was determined 195 people by the Cochran formula. The measurement instrument was questionnaire. The validity and reliability of questionnaire were confirmed. The results showed that average score the affects methods of entrepreneurial abilities development are more than the middle (3.53 of 5). In addition, the main factors of “give consulting services” and “planning for reform entrepreneurship skills” determine and explain the 20.48 and 19.48 percent of changing variance. At the end, results proposed creating professional business consulting corridor in agricultural applied- scientific higher education centers and planning the comprehensive plans for improvement student’s abilities about business and entrepreneurship via combining entrepreneurship topics in technical and specialized agricultural courses. 217 231 سید داوود حاجی میر رحیمی Seyed Davood Hajimirrahimi استادیار مرکز آموزش عالی امام خمینی (ره)، موسسه عالی علمی-کاربردی جهاد کشاورزی، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی ایران davood_hajimirrahimi@yahoo.com عبداله مخبر دزفولی Abdollah Mokhber Dezfooli مربی مرکز آموزش عالی امام خمینی (ره)، موسسه عالی علمی-کاربردی جهاد کشاورزی، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی ایران حسام‌الدین غلامی Hesamoddin Gholami دانشجوی دکتری ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی دانشکدة اقتصاد و توسعة کشاورزی، دانشگاه تهران ایران مرتضی اکبری Morteza Akbari استادیار دانشکدة کارآفرینی دانشگاه تهران ایران mortezaakbari@ut.ac.ir عباس نوروزی Abbas Noroozi استادیار مرکز آموزش عالی امام خمینی (ره)، موسسه عالی علمی-کاربردی جهاد کشاورزی، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی ایران abbasnorozi1966@hotmail.com توانمندی‌های کارآفرینانه دانشجویان علمی- کاربردی کشاورزی نوآوری و کارآفرینی Allahyari, M. 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Challenges and mechanisms of employment of forestry graduates through Agriculture and Natural Resources Engineering Organization. Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development Research,1(44), 143-151. (In Farsi)##Ghorbani Vagheei, A. (2012). Effect of entrepreneurship education to develop entrepreneurial behaviors, learning to teach entrepreneurship to trainees of technical and professional Rasht female education centers. The First National Conference of Strategies for Promoting National Production & Supporting Iranian Labor and Capital, Bojnoord, 21. (In Farsi)##Hajimirrahimi, S. D. & Mokhber Dezfooli, A. (2010). Entrepreneurship Training and its Development on Applied science Higher Education System of Iran; Reasons and Necessities. The First Annual Conference on Management, Innovation and Entrepreneurship, PP: 1-16, Shiraz. (In Farsi)##Hajimirrahimi, S.D., Mokhber Dezfooli, A., Teimouri, M. & Noroozi, A.(2014). 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0 بررسی امکان‌پذیری مدیریت تلفیقی آفت کرم خراط گردو در شهرستان بافت Feasibility assessment of integrated pest management (IPM) of walnut Zeuzera Pyrina (leopard moth) in Baft county https://ijaedr.ut.ac.ir/article_54888.html 10.22059/ijaedr.2015.54888 0   این تحقیق به روش پیمایشی و با هدف بررسی امکان­پذیری مدیریت تلفیقی کرم خراط گردو در شهرستان بافت انجام گرفت. جامعة آماری این تحقیق 5750 نفر از گردوکاران شهرستان بافت بود. حجم نمونه طبق فرمول کوکران 300 نفر تعیین شد. نمونه­ها از طریق نمونه­گیری چندمرحله­ای انتخاب شدند. ابزار گردآوری داده­ها پرسشنامه بود که روایی محتوایی آن توسط گروهی از متخصصان تأیید شد. ضریب آلفای کرونباخ برای ارزیابی پایایی بخش­های مختلف پرسشنامه بین 73/0 تا 82/0 به‌دست آمد. طبق نتایج آزمون فریدمن مؤلفه­های امکان­پذیری مدیریت تلفیقی کرم خراط گردو به‌ترتیب زیر رتبه‌بندی شد: توانمندی‌های دانشی- مهارتی، عملیات شیمیایی، عملیات مکانیکی (فنی)، عملیات زراعی، خدمات حمایتی- ترویجی، توانایی اقتصادی و عملیات بیولوژیکی. ضرایب همبستگی نشان داد بین تعداد اعضای خانوار، سابقة عضویت در تشکل­ها، منابع و کانال­های اطلاعاتی درمورد مسائل گردوکاری، اطلاعات و دانش فنی گردوکاران، تعداد مراجعه‌ها به جهاد کشاورزی، تعداد رقم­های کشت‌شدة گردو، نوآوری­ در کاشت گردو، اقدامات زراعی انجام‌گرفته برای مبارزه با کرم خراط گردو، تعداد اعضای خانوار اشتغال به گردوکاری، کل درآمد سالیانه از گردوکاری، متوسط میزان عملکرد از گردوکاری و امکان­پذیری مدیریت تلفیقی کرم خراط گردو رابطة معنی­داری وجود دارد. همچنین، نتایج آزمون‌های مقایسه‌ای، نشانگر تفاوت معنی‌داری بین دیدگاه گروه‌های مختلف پاسخگویان به لحاظ امکان‌پذیری مدیریت تلفیقی آفت کرم خراط گردو است. سرانجام، بهره‌گیری از رهیافت مدارس باغی برای آموزش باغداران، عرضة نهاده‌های بیولوژیکی و ارائة خدمات مشاوره‌ای، پرداخت اعتبارات برای احیای باغات گردو و بهره‌گیری از دانش بومی پیشنهاد شد. 1 This survey research aimed to feasibility assessment of integrated pest management (IPM) of Walnut Zeuzera Pyrina (leopard moth) in Baft county. Statistical population of this research consisted of all the walnut growers in Baft county (N= 5750). According to Cochran formula, size of the sample was determined (n= 300). The respondents were chosen through multi-stage sampling technique. Validity of the questionnaire as research tool was confirmed by an expert group. Cronbach alpha coefficients which calculated among 0.76 to 0.89 for several scales of the questionnaire showed that reliability of the questionnaire was suitable. According to the results of Friedman test, the components of IPM of walnut Zeuzera Pyrina were ranked on the subject of feasibility assessment as: knowledge – skills capabilities, chemical operations, mechanical operations, agronomical operations, logistic-extension supporting services, economic ability, and biological operations. Correlation coefficients showed significant positive relationship between number of household members, membership in local organization, sources and channels of information about walnut cultivation, information and technical knowledge regarding walnut, the number of visits to Jihad-e-Keshavarzi office, number of cultivated varieties of walnuts, innovation in walnut cultivation, agronomical activities for controling Zeuzera Pyrina, number of household members employed in walnut growing, total annual income of walnut growing, the average yield of Walnut orchard (as independent variables) and feasibility assessment of IPM of Zeuzera Pyrina (as dependent variable). Also, comparison tests showed a significance differentiation among groups of respondents relating to feasibility assessment of IPM of Zeuzera Pyrina. Finally, using garden school's approach to training walnut growers, supplying biological inputs and advisory services, allocating credits for revitalization of walnut orchards and the use of indigenous knowledge is suggested. 233 246 محمدشریف شریف‌زاده Mohammad Sharif Sharifzadeh دانشیار دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان ایران sharifsharifzadeh@gmail.com مهدیه حسینخانی Mahdiyeh Hossinkhani دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان ایران hossinkhani.mahdiyeh@yahoo.com غلامحسین عبدالله زاده Gholamhossein Abdollahzadeh استادیار دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان ایران abdollahzade1@gmail.com شهرستان بافت کرم خراط گردو گردوکاری مدیریت تلفیقی آفات Dent, D. (1995). Integrated Pest Management. International Rice Research Institute, pp: 161-184.##Erbaugh, J. M, Donnermeyer, J., Amujal, M., & Kidoido, M. (2010). Assessing the impact of farmer field school participation on IPM adoption in Uganda. Journal of International Agricultural & Extension Education, 17(3): 5-17.##Etehadi, M., Roosta, K. & Mohammadgholinia, J. (2011). Investigation of Effectiveness of the Farmers Field Schools Approach in Integrated Pest Management: The case of Sistan & Balochestan Province, Iranian Agricultural Extension and Education Journal, 7(1): 27-40.(In Persian).##Heidari, A. & Afsari Kohne shahri, S.  (2010). An Evaluation of Greenhouse Owners Knowledge toward Integrated Pest Management (IPM), Iranian Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development, 41-2(1): 51-57 (In Persian).##Hedjazi, Y.  & Sharifi, M.  (2011).  Effects  of  information sources and communication channels  on  adoption  of  rice  integrated  pest  management: Case study of  Droudzan district of Marvdasht county,  Fars province Agronomy  Journal (Pajouhesh & Sazandegi), 93: 48-56. (In Persian).##Klavdianou, A. P. Evangelia, G. & Tsakiridou, E. (2000). Environment Attitudes of Integrated Pest Management Greenhouse Producers in Greece, IAER: (6) 2: 306-315.##Litsinger, J.A. Libetario, E. M. & Canapi, B. L. (2009). Eliciting  Farmer  Knowledge,  Attitudes,  and   Practices  in  the  Development  of  Integrated  Pest  Management  Programs  for  Rice  in  Asia. Integrated pest management: Dissemination and Impact 5: 119-275.##Patel, M .C, Chauhan. N. B.  & Korat, D.M. (2007). Development  of  Technique to Measure Attitude  of  Farmers  Towards  Integrated  Pest  Management,  Journal  of  Agricultural Sciences, Karnataka Journal  of  Agricultural  Science, 20 (4): 876-677.##Peshin, R. & Dhawan, A.K. (2009). Integrated Pest Management: Dissemination and Impact, Rajinder Peshin Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu Division of Agricultural Extension Education FOA Chatha, India.##Raini, R. Hoffmann, V. & Zebitz, C. P. W. (2005). Integrated Pest Management and Information Flow: Case Study Tomato Stakeholders’ Practices in Kenya, People present at Conference on International Agricultural Research for Development Tropentag, 11-13.##Samiee, A. Rezvanfar, A.  & Faham, E. (2009).  Factors  influencing  the adoption of  integrated  pest  management by  wheat  growers  in Varamin  County,  Iran. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 4(5): 491-497.##Sonwa, D. G. Coulibaly, O. Adesina, A. A. Weise, S. F. & Tchatat, M. (2004). Integrated pest management in cocoa agroforests in southern Cameron: Constraints and overview. Journal of Integrated Pest Management Reviews, 7: 191-199.##Sagar, A.D. (1991). Pest control strategis: concerns, issues and options. Environmental Impact Assessment, Review, 11(3): 257-279.##Sharifi, M. Sharifzadeh, A. & Mahboobi, M.R. (2009). Identifying and Analyzing the Farmers Practices related to Rice Integrated Pest Management in Marvdasht County, Fars Province, Journal of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, 16(2):10-20. (In Persian).## Trivedi, T. P. & Ahuja, D. B. (2011). Integrated pest management: Approaches & implementation. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 81(11): 93–981.##Razzaghi Borkhani, F. Rezvanfar, A. Shabanali Fami, H. (2011). Investigation the Role of Educational- extension Factors on the Environmental Awareness of Chemical Pesticides use in Rice Cultivation. Journal of Agricultural Education Administration Research, 15: 44-55. (In Persian).##Veisi, H. Mahmoodi, H. & Sharifi moghaddam, M.  (2011). A Determination of the Farmers' Behavior in Adoption Related to the Technologies of Integrated Pest Management, Iranian Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development, 41-2 (4): 481-490 (In Persian).##Vasileiadis, V.P. Moonen, A.C. Moonen, Sattina, M. Ottoa, S. Pons, X. Kudsk, P. Veres, A. Dorner, Z. van der Weide, R. Marraccini, E. Pelzer, E. Angevin, F. Kiss, J. (2013). Sustainability of European maize-based cropping systems:  Economic,  environmental  and  social assessment of  current  and  proposed  innovative  IPM-based  systems,  European  Journal of Agronomy, 48:1– 11.##Ko, T. G. (2005). Development of a tourism sustainability assessment procedure: a conceptual approach. Tourism Management, 26: 431-445.##

0 برانگیختن شور کارآفرینی در میان دانشجویان کشاورزی از طریق الگوی نقش (مورد مطالعه: پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی دانشگاه تهران) Encouragement of entrepreneurial passion among agriculture students through role models (Case study: College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran) https://ijaedr.ut.ac.ir/article_54889.html 10.22059/ijaedr.2015.54889 0 پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسی الگوی نقش در شکل‌گیری شور کارآفرینی دانشجویان و به روش توصیفی همبستگی انجام گرفت. جامعة آماری پژوهش حاضر را دانشجویان کارشناسی سال سوم و چهارم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی و دانشجویان کارشناسی ارشد پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی دانشگاه تهران تشکیل می‌دهند. نمونة مورد نظر با به‌کارگیری فرمول دانیل 205 نفر تعیین شد و نمونه‌گیری به روش سهمیه‌ای انجام گرفت. ابزار پژوهش پرسشنامه‌ای استاندارد بود که روایی و پایایی آن بررسی و تأیید شد. روش آماری غالب در پژوهش حاضر تحلیل مؤلفه‌های اصلی و آزمون t مستقل بود. نتایج آزمون t نشان داد الگوی نقش متغیری کلیدی در پیش‌بینی سطح شور کارآفرینی در دانشجویان است. نتایج تحقیق گویای این موضوع است که شور کارآفرینی به‌عنوان پدیده‌ای چندساختی به سازه‌های بیرونی مانند الگوی نقش وابسته است. در پایان پژوهش، برخی پیشنهادهای کاربردی برای نظام آموزش عالی کشاورزی در راستای بهبود شور کارآفرینی دانشجویان مطرح می‌شود. 1 The present empirical research aimed to investigate role model effects on entrepreneurial passion. Research method was non- experimental descriptive- correlation method. The statistical population comprised of senior and junior undergraduate students as well as graduate students of the University College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Tehran University. 205 students were selected using the Daniel formula through quota sampling method. Research instrument was a questionnaire whose validity and reliability were reviewed and approved. A dominant statistical method was Principle Component Analysis (PCA). The empirical results showed that there is a role model difference in the level of entrepreneurial passion. The research makes an important contribution to the field of entrepreneurial education by concluding that entrepreneurial passion in higher educational context is not a simple matter, but a rather complicated process that is depend on external variables such role model. End of research some implications are provided for agricultural entrepreneurship education. 247 253 امیر علم بیگی Amir Alambeigi استادیار گروه ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی، دانشگاه تهران ایران ijaedr@can.ut.ac.ir شهلا اقاپور Shahla Aghapour کارشناس ارشد آموزش کشاورزی، دانشگاه تهران ایران aghapour_1382@yahoo.com محمد رضا اکبری Mohamad Reza Akbari دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد ترویج کشاورزی، دانشگاه تهران ایران mrakbari@ut.ac.ir الگوی نقش دانشجویان کشاورزی دانشگاه تهران شور کارآفرینی کارآفرینی Baron, R., (2008). The role of affect in the entrepreneurial process. Academy of Management Review 33, 328–340.##Baum, J. and Locke, E. (2004). The relationship of entrepreneurial traits, skill and motivation to subsequent venture growth. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89(4): 587–598.##Bierly, P.E., Kessler, E.H., Christensen, E.W., (2000). Organizational learning, knowledge, and wisdom. Journal of Organizational Change Management. 13, 595-618.##Brannback, M., Carsrud, A., Elfving, J., Krueger, N.K., (2006). entrepreneurial passion? An exploratory study. Paper Presented at the Babson College Entrepreneurship Research Conference. Bloomington, IN.##Cardon, M. S., Wincent, J. Singh, J. and Drnovsek, M. (2009). The nature and experience of entrepreneurial passion. Academy of Management Review. 34(3): 511–532.##Dickson, P.H., Solomon, G.T., & Weaver, K.M. (2008). Entrepreneurial selection and success: Does education matter? Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 15(2): 239–258.##Fauchart, E., Gruber, M., (2011). Darwinians, communitarians and missionaries: the role of founder identity in entrepreneurship. Academy of Management Journal. 54, 935–957.##Hattab, W. H. (2014). Impact of Entrepreneurship Education on Entrepreneurial Intentions of University Students in Egypt. The Journal of Entrepreneurship. 23(1): 1–18.##Ho V, Wong S and Lee C (2011) A tale of passion: Linking job passion and cognitive engagement to employee work performance. Journal of Management Studies. 48(1): 26–41.##Hoang, H., Gimeno, J., (2010). Becoming a founder: how founder role identity affects entrepreneurial transitions and persistence in founding. Journal of Business Venturing. 25, 41–53.##Joensuu, S., Viljamaa, A., Varamaki, E. and Tornikoski, E. (2013). Development of entrepreneurial intention in higher education and the effect of gender. Journal of Education and Training. 55(8/9): 781-803.##Karlsson, T. and Moberg, K. (2013). Improving perceived entrepreneurial abilities through education: Exploratory testing of an entrepreneurial self-efficacy scale in a pre-post setting. The International Journal of Management Education, 11 (1): 1–11.##Muofhe, N.J., & Du Toit, W.F. (2011). Entrepreneurial education’s and entrepreneurial role models’ influence on career choice. SA Journal of Human Resource Management. 9(1), 345-360.##Murnieks, C.Y., Mosakowski, E., Cardon, M.S., (2012. Pathways of passion: identity centrality, passion, and behavior among entrepreneurs. Journal of Management. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0149206311433855##Perttula, K., 2004. The POW Factor: Understanding and Igniting Passion for One's Work. University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.##Landstrom, H., & Benner, M. (2010). Entrepreneurship research: a history of scholarly migration. In H. Landström, & F. Lohrke (Eds.), historical foundations of entrepreneurship research (pp. 15–45). Cheltenham: Edward Elgars.##Laviolette, E. M, Lefebvre, M.R. Brunel, O. (2012). The impact of story bound entrepreneurial role models on self- efficacy and entrepreneurial intention. International journal of entrepreneurial behavior and research. 18(6), 720-742.##Linan, F. Rodriguez-Cohard, J.C. & Rueda-Cantuche, J.M. (2010). Factors affecting entrepreneurial intention levels: A role for education. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 7(2): 195–218.##Quimby, J., & DeSantis, A. (2006). The Influence of Role Models on Women’s Career Choices. The Career Development Quarterly Journal, 54(4), 297–306.##Ucbasaran, D., Alsos, G., Westhead, P., Wright, M., 2008. Habitual entrepreneurs. Foundations and Trends in Entrepreneurship Research 4, 1–93.##Utsch, A., Rauch, A., 2000. Innovativeness and initiative as mediators between achievement orientation and venture performance. European Journal of Work & Organizational Psychology 91, 45–63.##Van Auken, H., Fry, F.L., & Stephens, P. (2006). The Influence of Role Models on Entrepreneurial Intentions. Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, 11(2), 157–167.##Wang, Y. & Verzat, C. (2011). Generalist or specific studies for engineering entrepreneurs? Comparison of French engineering students’ trajectories in two different curricula. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development: 18(2), 366–383.##

0 بررسی رابطۀ بین سبک رهبری تحول‏ آفرین با بهبود کیفیت آموزش عالی کشاورزی (مورد مطالعه: پردیس کشاورزی و منابع ‌طبیعی دانشگاه تهران) Investigation of relationship between style of transformational leadership and quality improvement of agricultural higher education (Case study: University of Tehran, College of Agriculture and Natural https://ijaedr.ut.ac.ir/article_54890.html 10.22059/ijaedr.2015.54890 0       این پژوهش با هدف بررسی رابطۀ بین سبک رهبری تحول‏آفرین با بهبود کیفیت آموزش عالی کشاورزی و در چارچوب کلی پژوهش­های توصیفی- پیمایشی انجام گرفت. جامعة آماری پژوهش شامل تمام اعضای هیئت‌‌علمی پردیس کشاورزی و منابع‌ طبیعی دانشگاه تهران (212 =N) است. با استفاده از فرمول کوکران، 122 نفر به روش طبقه‌ای تصادفی با انتساب متناسب انتخاب و با استفاده از ابزار پرسشنامه مطالعه شد. برای محاسبة سبک رهبری تحول‏آفرین و بهبود کیفیت آموزشی به‌ترتیب از مقیاس‏های استاندارد سبک رهبری چندعاملی (MLQ) و بهبود کیفیت آموزشی (AQIP) استفاده شد. مطابق یافته‌ها، بیشترین سطح سبک رهبری تحول‏آفرین، مربوط به سطح ضعیف (52 نفر، 6/42 درصد) بود. بین مؤلفه‌های رهبری تحول‌آفرین (رفتارهای آرمانی، ملاحظات فردی، ترغیب ذهنی و انگیزش الهام‌بخش) با متغیر بهبود کیفیت آموزشی در سطح معنی‌داری یک درصد رابطة مثبت و معنی­داری وجود داشت، اما بین متغیرهای سن، رتبة علمی و سابقة خدمت با متغیر بهبود کیفیت آموزشی رابطة معنی­داری مشاهده نشد. مطابق نتایج تحلیل رگرسیونی، از میان متغیرهای واردشده فقط متغیر انگیزش الهام‌بخش (686/0Beta= ) به‌عنوان متغیر‌ اثرگذار بر بهبود کیفیت آموزشی محسوب می‌شد. 1 This research was conducted to investigate relationship between transformational leadership style and academic quality improvement. The statistical population of the study consisted of all faculty members in College of Agriculture and Natural Resources (University of Tehran) (N= 212). Applying stratified proportional random sampling and Cochran formula, 122 faculty members were selected. Questionnaire was used for data collection. MLQ scale (Multi Factor Leadership Questionnaire) and AQIP scale respectively were used for measuring level of transformational leadership and academic quality improvement. According to findings, the highest level of transformational leadership was in level of weak (42.6% responses). Transformational leadership components (Idealized behavior, Individual Consideration, Intellectual Stimulation and Inspirational Motivation) had positive and significant relationship with academic quality improvement (P<0.01). Findings also revealed that age, scientific rank and academic experience were not significantly correlated with academic quality improvement. According to regression analysis, among variables entered into analysis, only variable of Inspirational Motivation (Beta= 0.686) was effective on academic quality improvement. 255 265 ولی اله سارانی Valiollah Sarani استادیار گروه ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی، دانشگاه زابل ایران vsarani@uoz.ac.ir یوسف حجازی Yousef Hejazi استاد گروه ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تهران ایران yhejazi@ut.ac.ir سید محمود حسینی Seyed Mahmood Hosseini استاد گروه ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تهران ایران hoseinim@ut.ac.ir احمد رضوانفر Ahmad Rezvanfar استاد گروه ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تهران ایران arezvan@ut.ac.ir آموزش عالی کشاورزی بهبود کیفیت ترغیب ذهنی رهبری تحول‌آفرین سبک رهبری Abbasi, E., & Hejazi, Y. 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0 تبیین ابزارهای سیاستی پیشران توسعه کشاورزی ارگانیک در ایران Explain driving policy instruments of organic farming development in Iran https://ijaedr.ut.ac.ir/article_54891.html 10.22059/ijaedr.2015.54891 0 در سال‌های اخیر، توسعة کشاورزی ارگانیک با وجود پتانسیل‌های بسیار برای رشد این بخش در ایران بسیار کند بود. تحقیق حاضر با هدف شناسایی ابزارهای پیشران توسعة بخش ارگانیک در کشاورزی ایران با استفاده از روش تحلیل عاملی انجام گرفت. مرور ادبیات تحقیق نشان می‌دهد ابزارهای متعددی در حوزة سیاستگذاری، حمایت مالی و ترویج و اطلاع‌رسانی در توسعة بخش ارگانیک در کشورهای مختلف تأثیرگذارند. به‌این‌منظور، پرسشنامه‌ای بر مبنای مرور ادبیات تحقیق در زمینة سیاست‌های مؤثر بر توسعة کشاورزی ارگانیک تدوین شد و پس از بررسی پایایی و روایی، توسط 122 نفر از کارشناسان سازمان‌های کشاورزی در شش استان منتخب تکمیل شد. پس از ورود داده‌ها به محیط نرم‌افزار SPSS نسخة 19 و انجام‌دادن تحلیل عاملی، از مجموع 45 متغیر تأثیرگذار، نُه عامل از عوامل پیشران توسعة کشاورزی ارگانیک در ایران شناسایی شد که این عوامل 15/83 درصد واریانس کل را تبیین کردند. نتایج این تحلیل بیانگر آن است که ایجاد ساختارها و زیرساخت‌ها، تأمین حمایت‌های مالی مورد نیاز، سیاستگذاری و هدف‌سازی و آموزش و مشاوره به تولیدکنندگان، شناسایی و تحلیل اطلاعات مورد نیاز، تبلیغات و اطلاع‌رسانی عمومی، هماهنگی نهادی، تدوین و تبیین دستورالعمل‌ها، ارائة امتیازات به سرمایه‌گذاری، بیش از 80 درصد از واریانس کل عوامل را تبیین می‌کنند. براین‌اساس، پیشنهاد می‌شود سیاستگذاران توسعة کشاورزی از یک‌سو با ایجاد ساختارهای مناسب نهادی و حمایت‌های مالی در این زمینه به ترویج این محصولات بپردازند و از سوی دیگر شرایط مناسب را برای سرمایه‌گذاری و بازاریابی در این زمینه فراهم کنند. 1 In recent years organic farming development, in spite of many potentials for growth in Iran, was very slow. This research was done to recognize driving factors of organic sector development in Iranian agriculture. The literature of the research shows that many instruments in policy making, financial support, and extension area are effective in organic development in different countries. In this basis a questionnaire was prepared on the basis of literature review of the research and after investigating reliability and validity of it, was filled by 122 persons of agricultural organization experts in six elected provinces. After doing factor analysis in SPSS software version 19, nine factors of organic farming development driving factors in Iran were extracted from 45 effective variables which they explained 83.15 percent of whole variance. Results of the research showed that the extracted factors can determine 83.15 percent of whole variance as follow: to establish structures and infrastructures, to provide the necessity funds, policy and object making, education and advisory for farmers, to identify and analyze the necessary information, advertisement and public informing, organizational coordination, regulations collection and providing, giving distinctions to investments. Thus we suggest that agricultural policy makers extend the organic products by prepare the institutional structures and financial supports on one hand and on the other hand provide proper condition to investment and marketing in this part.  267 276 آرزو باباجانی Arezo Babajani مدرس دانشگاه رازی کرمانشاه ایران babajani_a@yahoo.com حسین شعبانعلی فمی Hossein Shabanali Fami دانشیار دانشکدة اقتصاد و توسعة کشاورزی، دانشگاه تهران ایران hfami@ut.ac.ir علی اسدی Ali Asadi استاد دانشکدة اقتصاد و توسعة کشاورزی، دانشگاه تهران ایران aasadi@ut.ac.ir محمدرضا رضاپناه Mohammad Reza Rezapanah استادیار مرکز تحقیقات گیاه‌پزشکی کشور ایران rezapana@yahoo.com ابزارهای سیاستی کشاورزی ارگانیک توسعة کشاورزی توسعة کشاورزی ارگانیک سیاستگذاری کشاورزی Bloom, S. M. & Duram, L. A. (2007). A Framework to Assess State Support of Organic Agriculture, Journal of Sustainable Agriculture, 30(2): 105-123.##Dabbert, S., Häring, A.M., Zanoli, R. (2004). Organic farming: policies and prospects. Zed books, London and New York.##Daugbjerg, C., & Halpin, D.,(2008). Sharpening up research on organics: why we need to integrate sectoral policy research into mainstream policy analysis. Policy Studies 29, 393–404.##Daugbjerg, C., Tranter, B., Hattam, C, Holloway, G. (2011). Modelling the impacts of policy on entry into organic farming: Evidence from Danish–UK comparisons, 1989–2007, Land Use Policy 28, 413–422.##Dimitri, C., Oberholtzer, L., (2007). Market-led versus Government-facilitated growth. Development of the U.S. and EU Organic Agricultural Sectors. Electronic Outlook Report from the Economic Research Service, August, 2005. United States Department of Agriculture, available at: www.ers.usda.gov.##Häring, A.M., (2003). An interactive approach to policy impact assessment for organic farms in Europe. In: Organic Farming in Europe: Economics and Policy, vol. 10. University of Hohenheim, Hohenheim.##Häring, A.M., Dabbert, S., Aurbacher, J., Bichler, B., Eichert, C., Gambelli, D., Lampkin, N., Offermann, F., Olmos, S., Tuson, J., Zanoli, R., (2004). Organic farming and measures of European agricultural policy. In: Organic Farming in Europe: Economics and Policy, vol. 11. University of Hohenheim, Hohenheim.##Heidari, H., & Shirazi, J. (2009). Matters of chemical pesticides in third world, Amoozesh Keshavarzi publication:Karaj- Iran. (In Farsi)##Henning, J., Baker, L., & Thomassin, P.J. (1991). Economics issues in organic agriculture. Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics 39, 877-889.##10. Henrichsmeyer, W., & Witzke, H.P., (1994).  Agrarpolitik Band 2: Bewertung und Willensbildung. Ulmer Verlag, Stuttgart.##11. Kalantari, K. (2003). Data analysis in socio-economical researches by SPSS software, Sharif Publication: Tehran -Iran. (In Farsi)##12. Kilcher, L. (2006). How can organic agriculture contribute to sustainable development? In Paper presented at the Tropentag 2006: Conference on Prosperity and Poverty in a Globalized World: Challenges for agricultural research. held on 7 June 2012, Germany.##13. Lampkin, N. H., & Padel, S. (1994). The economics of organic farming: An International Perspective. United Kingdom: Biddles Ltd.##14. Lesjak, H. A. (2008). Explaining Organic Farming through Past Policies: Comparing Support Policies of Austria, Finland and the European Union, Journal of Cleaner Production 16, 1-11.##15. Michelsen, J.,(2002). Organic farming development in Europe – impacts of regulation and institutional diversity. Economics of Pesticides, Sustainable Food Production, and Organic Food Markets 4, 101–138.##16. Offermann, F., Nieberg, H., & Zander, K., (2009).  Dependency of organic farms on direct  payments in selected EU member states: Today and tomorrow, Food Policy 34 , 273–279.##17. Pietola, K.S., Oude Lansink, A., (2001). Farmer responses to policy promoting organic farming practices in Finland. European Review of Agricultural Economics 28, 1–15.##18. Rezapanah, M. (2010). An analysis of strategy document of Iranian organic agriculture development, conference of organic agriculture in Iran, The Academy of Science of Islamic Republic of Iran, October 22, 2010, Tehran. (In Farsi)##19. Stolze, M. & Lampkin, N. (2009). Policy for organic farming: Rationale and concepts, Food Policy 34, 237–244.##20. Tranter, R.B., Holt, G.C., Grey, P.T., (2007). Budgetary implications, and motives for, converting to organic farming: case study farm business evidence from Great Britain. Biological Agriculture and Horticulture 25, 133–151.##Vairo, D., Häring, A. M., Dabbert, S., & Zanoli, R. (2009). Policies Supporting Organic Food and Farming in the EU: Assessment and Development by Stakeholders in 11 European Countries, Journal of International Food & Agribusiness Marketing, 21(2-3): 214-227.##

0 تحلیل مشکلات توسعه گردشگری در مناطق روستایی استان قزوین (مورد مطالعه: روستای گازرخان) Analyzing the barriers to tourism development in rural areas of Qazvin province (Case study: Gazarkhan village) https://ijaedr.ut.ac.ir/article_54893.html 10.22059/ijaedr.2015.54893 0 تحقیق حاضر با هدف تحلیل مشکلات توسعة گردشگری در روستای گازرخان در استان قزوین صورت پذیرفت. روش این پژوهش از نوع توصیفی- پیمایشی است. جامعة آماری این تحقیق را تمام سرپرستان خانوار در روستای گازرخان تشکیل می­دادند (750N=) که براساس فرمول کوکران، 115 نفر از آن‌ها از طریق روش نمونه­گیری تصادفی ساده برای انجام‌دادن تحقیق انتخاب شدند (115n=). برای گردآوری داده‌ها از پرسشنامه استفاده شد. روایی پرسشنامه با نظر پانلی از کارشناسان و متخصصان ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی تأیید شد. برای تعیین پایایی ابزار تحقیق پیش‌آزمون انجام گرفت که مقدار آلفای کرونباخ محاسبه‌شده برای کل ابزار اندازه­گیری حدود 81/0 بود. به‌منظور تجزیه و تحلیل اطلاعات از نرم­افزار SPSSWin18 استفاده شد. نتایج کسب‌شده از تحلیل عاملی نشان داد 33/67 درصد از واریانس مشکلات توسعة گردشگری را در روستای گازرخان چهار عامل اطلاع­رسانی- پشتیبانی، زیرساختی، انگیزشی- شناختی و اجتماعی-  فرهنگی تبیین می‌کنند. 1 The main purpose of this study was to analyze the barriers of tourism development in Gazarkhan village. Methodologically, the study was a descriptive-survey research. The statistical population of the study consisted of all heads of households in Gazarkhan village (N= 750). According to formula Cochran, a sample size of 115 was selected using the simple random sampling technique (n=115). A questionnaire was used to collect data. A panel of agricultural extension and education experts confirmed the validity of the questionnaire. A pilot study was conducted to establish reliability of the instrument. The Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient for the questionnaire calculated equal to 0.81. Collected data was analyzed using the SPSSWin18software. The finding of factor analysis showed that four factors namely informative- supportive, infrastructural, motivational- cognitive and social- cultural explained 67.33 percent of total variances of the barriers to tourism development in Gazarkhan village. 277 284 روح اله رضایی Rohollah Rezaei دانشیار دانشکدة کشاورزی، دانشگاه زنجان ایران r_rezaei@znu.ac.ir امیر اسدپاسکی Amir Asadpaski دانش آموخته کارشناسی ترویج کشاورزی، دانشگاه زنجان ایران asadpaski@mailinator.com استان قزوین توسعة گردشگری روستای گازرخان روستاییان مشکلات Andereck, K.L. & Vogt, C.A. (2000). The relationship between residents’ attitudes toward tourism and tourism development options. Journal of Travel Research, 39 (3), 27- 36.##Bahrami, R. (2010). Capabilities and bottlenecks of rural tourism development in Kurdistan province. Proceedings of Fourth International Congress on Islamic World Geographers, Zahedan, pp. 1- 15. (In Persian)##Byrd, E., Bosley, H. & Dronberger, M. (2009). Comparisons of stakeholder perceptions of tourism impacts in rural eastern North Carolina. Tourism Management, 30 (4), 693- 703.##Davis, J. & Morais, D. (2004). Factions and enclaves: Small towns and socially unsustainable tourism development. Journal of Travel Research, 43 (2), 3- 10.##Hassan, S. (2000). Determinants of market competitiveness in an environmentally sustainable tourism industry. Journal of Travel Research, 38(3), 239- 245.##Janet, C. (2009). The challenges to rural tourism: Perspectives on tourism policy. London, Mansell Publishing Ltd., 347 p.##Karimi- Panabandany, B. & Ghadiri, M. (2009). Rural tourism, opportunities, barriers and limitations. Proceeding of Tourism, Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism Organization of Iran, pp. 1- 8.##Mahdavi, M., Ghadiri, M. & Ghahremani, N. (2008). Effects of tourism on rural development with a survey of rural people in Kan and Solghan valleys. Journal of Rural and Development, 11 (2), 39- 60.##McGehee, N.G. & Andereck, K.L. (2004). Factors predicting rural residents’ support of tourism. Journal of Travel Research, 43 (3), 131- 140.##10. Moradnejadi, H. & Nazari, S. (2003). Tourism and rural development in Iran. Journal of Socio - economic Jihad, 256 (23), 36- 45.##11. Office of Planning and Development Management of Qazvin Province (2011). Studying the situation of tourism villages in Qazvin province. Research Report, Office of Planning and Development Management, Municipal of Qazvin Province. ##12. Pedhazur, E. (1982). Multiple Regressions in Behavioral Research: Explanation and predication. New York, Reinhart & Winston, 385 p.##13. Popzan, A., Ghobadi, P., Zarafshany, K. & Gravandy, S. (2010). Rural tourism barriers and limitations by using the grand theory (Case study: Harir Village, Kermanshah Province). Journal of Rural Research, 3 (1), 1- 28.##14. Reeder, R. J. & Brown, D. M. (2005). Recreation, tourism, and rural wellbeing. United States Department of Agriculture Economic Research Report Number 7, Retrieved July 1, 2007 from http://www.ers.usda.gov/ publications/err7.##15. Roknodin- Eftekhari, A. & Mahdavi, D. (2005). Rural tourism development strategies using models SWOT (Small Lavasan village). Journal of Humanities Teacher, 45 (10), 1- 31.##16. Ryglova, K. (2007). Limiting factors in the field of business activities in rural tourism. AGRIC. ECON.CZECH, 53 (9), 421- 431.##17. Saxena, G. & Ilbery, B. (2008). Integrated rural tourism: A border case study. Annals of Tourism Research, 35 (1), 233- 254.##18. Soteriades, M. (2002). Tourism and environment in rural areas. Retrieved August 12, 2004 from www.fund. Acbe/prelude.##19. Statistical Center of Iran (2006). Statistical yearbook: General population and housing census in 2006 in Qazvin province. The Interior Ministry, Governor of Qazvin, Deputy Planning, Statistics and Information Office.##20. Wikipedia (2011). Introduction to Gazarkhan village. Retrieved June 1 3, 2011from http://en.wikipedia .org/wiki/Gazarkhan.##21. Zmija, J. & Kuczek, L. (2008). Opportunities and barriers to the rural development in Eastern Poland. Journal of Environment, 1 (1), 2- 5.##

0 بررسی میزان رضایتمندی کشاورزان از خدمات شرکت‌های مشاوره‌ای، فنی و مهندسی کشاورزی در استان مرکزی Farmers’ satisfaction regarding agricultural consulting, technical and engineering services corporations in Markazi Province https://ijaedr.ut.ac.ir/article_54894.html 10.22059/ijaedr.2015.54894 0    هدف تحقیق حاضر بررسی میزان رضایتمندی کشاورزان استان مرکزی از عملکرد شرکت­های خدمات مشاوره­ای، فنی و مهندسی است. همچنین، این تحقیق از نوع توصیفی- همبستگی است. جامعة آماری تحقیق شامل تمام کشاورزان استان مرکزی می‌شود که از خدمات شرکت­های مشاوره­ای استفاده می­کردند (9450N= ). با استفاده از جدول Kerjcie & Morgan (1970) و روش نمونه­گیری طبقه­ای با انتساب متناسب، 368 کشاورز به‌عنوان حجم نمونه انتخاب شدند. ابزار گردآوری اطلاعات پرسشنامه بود که روایی محتوایی آن با استفاده از نظر جمعی از اعضای هیئت علمی ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی و کارشناسان سازمان جهاد کشاورزی استان‌های تهران و مرکزی تأیید شد. براساس نتایج تحقیق، درمجموع رضایت کشاورزان از شرکت­های مشاوره­ای پایین­تر از حد متوسط است. کشاورزان به بهره‌گیری از مشاوره­های کارشناسان تمایل دارند، ولی درمورد به­کارگیری و توصیة این مشاوره­ها به دیگر کشاورزان تردید دارند. براساس نتایج همبستگی، بین متغیرهای مهارت­های ارتباطی کارشناسان، افزایش دانش کشاورزان، میزان اعتماد کشاورزان به توصیه­های کارشناسان و افزایش درآمد کشاورزان با رضایت از شرکت­های مشاوره­ای رابطة مثبت و معنی­داری وجود دارد. براساس نتایج تحلیل رگرسیون، دو متغیر مهارت­های ارتباطی و افزایش دانش کشاورزان، 31 درصد تغییرات رضایتمندی از شرکت­ها را تبیین می­کند. 1 The purpose of this study was to investigate the farmers’ satisfaction regarding the performance of agricultural consulting, technical and engineering service corporations in Markazi Province. The research method was descriptive- correlation. The statistical population of the study consisted of all farmers who have benefited from the different services of the agricultural consulting, technical and engineering service ventures in Markazi Province (N= 9450). Using Kerjcie and Morgan’s (1970) table and proportional stratified random sampling technique 368 farmers selected as research sample. A questionnaire used to collect the data. The content validity of the questionnaire confirmed based on opinions of some of agricultural extension and education academic staffs and experts of Jihad-e- Keshavarzi organization in Tehran and Markazi Provinces. The data was analyzed using SPSSwin16 software. Based on the research results the farmers had less than moderate satisfaction from the agricultural consulting, technical and engineering service ventures. The farmers had tendency toward expert’s advisories, but were in doubt about using and advising this advisories to the other farmers. Based on the correlation results, there was positive and significant relationship between expert’s communication skills, increasing of farmer’s knowledge, and farmer’s trust to experts and increasing of farmer’s income with farmer’s satisfaction. The results of regression analysis showed that 31% of variances of farmer’s satisfaction explained by the two variables including expert’s communication skills and role of advisories in increasing of farmer’s knowledge. 285 297 عنایت عباسی Enayat Abbasi استادیار گروه ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی دانشکدة کشاورزی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس ایران enayatabbasi@gmail.com منصوره صرامی فروشانی Mansoureh Sarami Froushani دانش آموخته کارشناسی ارشد گروه ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی دانشکدة کشاورزی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس ایران froshani@mailinator.com همایون فرهادیان Homayon Farhadian استادیار گروه ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی دانشکدة کشاورزی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس ایران homayonfarhadian@gmail.com علیرضا نوروزی Alireza Norozi دانش آموخته کارشناس ارشد گروه ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی دانشکدة کشاورزی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس ایران alireza.norozi@mailinator.com خصوصی‌سازی رضایتمندی کشاورزان شرکت‌های خدمات مشاوره‌ای        1.            Akbari, M. & Asadi, A. (2007). Promoting factors of wheat consultant engineers' project (Case study of Ardebil province). Iranian journal of agriculture sciences, No. 2(2-38), 199-206. (In Farsi).##       2.            Bahrami, A., Shabanali Fami  H., Pezeshki Rad, Gh. & Mahmoodi, M. (2009). A comparative study on the performance of private extension agencies vs public extension, using selected indicators, Hamadan Province. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development Research, 2 (4), 161-168. (In Farsi).##Barret, G., Swanson, W. & Song, V.A. (2005). Evaluation of training program for caregivers to aging adults. Journal of Extension, 43 (3), 44-45.##       4.            Behtash, M., Ashrafi, P. & Ajili, A. (2006). Possibility of privatization of agricultural extension in the North West region of Khuzestan Province (Dezful, Andimeshk and shoosh). M.Sc. thesis, Ramin Agriculure and natural resources university. (In Farsi).##Bunyatta, K.D., Mureithi, G., Onyango, A. & Ngesa, U.F. (2006). Farmer field school effectiveness for soil and crop management technologies in Kenya. Journal of International Agricultural Extension and Education. 13 (3), 47-67.##Chipeta, S. (2006). Demand driven agricultural advisory services. Swiss center for agricultural extension and rural development: Neuchatel group.##Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. (2nd edition). Hillsdates, NJ: Erlbaum publishing. Available at the: http://www.uccs.edu/faculty/lbecker.##Currle, J., Hoffmann. V. & Kidd, A.D. (2000). Contracting for agricultural extension in Thuringia, Germany. In Rivera, W. M., Zijp, W. & Alex, G. (Eds). Contracting for extension: Review of emerging practices. Agricultural knowledge and information systems (AKIS).The World Bank, Washington.##Davison, J., Powell, P. & Smith, M. (2008). Evaluating the effectiveness of a grant funded educational program aimed at increasing native seed collections in Nevada. Journal of Extension, 46 (2), 79-85.##Ebrahimi, A., Saadi, H. and Dadashpoor, A.A. (2007). Experiences of Iranian agricultural consulting,    technical and engineering services ventures. Recommended by agricultural and natural resources engineering organization, Available in: www.agri-eng.com/.../01tajarobe_shabake_khosoosisazi. (In Farsi).##Farokhi, S. (2001). An investigation on the attitude of agricultural expert to agricultural extension privatization. MSc. Thesis, Tarbiat Modares University, Iran (In Farsi).##Garforth, C. & Kisauzi, D. (2002). First annual GOU-Donors review meeting. Nile International Conference Center Kampala. Retrieved from:  www.dwd.co.ug/images/Publications/1_policy_swap. pdf.##George, R.L, & Cristiani, T.S. (1990). Counseling theory and practice (3rd ed.). Englewood cliffs, NJ: prentice Hall.##Gowda Shivalinge, N.S. & Saravanan, R. (2003).  Attitude and preference of agricultural scientists toward privatization of agricultural services. Heydarabade: National Institute of Agricultural Extension Management Rajendrana, Discussion Paper, 32 pages.##Hanchinal, S.N., Sundaraswamy B. & Ansari M.R. (2001). Attitudes and preferences of farmers towards privatization of extension service. Available at: http:// www.manage.gov.in/pvtext/htm.##    16.            Hoseini, S.H. & Khodabande, N. (2010). Investigation the success of agricultural consulting, technical and engineering services ventures in achieving the goals of 44 principle and delivering applicable suggestions. National conference on the role of agriculture and natural resources in development of Islamic Republic of Iran in 1404.##Hosseini, S.J. (2003). Evolution of agricultural extension, Unpublished notes, Azad University. (In Farsi).##Jafarzadeh, R. (2008).Comparative study of the privatization process and its challenges, Unpublished notes. (In Farsi).##    19.            Karbasi, A., Kanani, T. & Khayati, M. (2009). Factors influencing farmers' participation with wheat consultants experts in the city of Zabol (linear regression approach). Journal of Economics and Agricultural Development, 23(2), 63-72. (In Farsi).##Karpishe, L., Pezeshki Rad, Gh., Chizari, M. & Hajimirrahimi, D. (2007). Investigation on the effectiveness of non-formal technical and vocational training in agricultural educations centers from the point of view of beneficiaries, In: Abstracts of scientific conference on agricultural education, Trbiat Modares University, Iran. (In Farsi).##  Kerjcie, R.V. & Morgan, D.W. (1970). Determining sample size for research activities. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 30, 607-610.##Khorshid, S. (2007). Beyond privatization: Reflecting on 44th basic role principle, Tadbir journal, 189. (In Farsi).##Le Gouis, M. (1991). Alternative financing of agricultural extension: Recent trends and implications for the future. In W. M. Rivera and D. J. Gustafson (Eds.), Agricultural extension: Worldwide institutional evolution and forces for change. Amsterdam: Elsevier.##Masoudi, A. (2003). Customer satisfaction guarantee survival in a competitive market. Tadbir journal, 122, (In Farsi).##Ministry of Jihad-e Keshavarzi. (2008). Retrieved from www.maj.ir/portal/Home/Default.aspx?CategoryID=2ee4fad0-7ee6##Pickering, D.C. (1986). The Dimensions of rural extension. In G. E. Jones (Ed). Investing in rural extension: Strategies and goals. New York: Elsevier.##Privatization organization. (2011). Retrieved February 28 2011, from www. po.ir/index.aspx?siteid=1&pageid=167&newsview=5782##Radhakrishna, R. (2002). Measuring and benchmarking customer satisfaction: Implications for organizational and stakeholder accountability. Journal of Extension, 40 (1).##Sayers, D.M., Kilmer, R.L., Lee, J. & Flambert, A.M.  (1996). Satisfaction evaluation of milk handlers by southern U.S. dairy farmers. 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0 بررسی آثار ناپایداری و نوسانات تجاری کشاورزی بر رشد بخش کشاورزی در ایران The effects of agricultural trade instability and volatility on growth of agricultural sector in Iran https://ijaedr.ut.ac.ir/article_54896.html 10.22059/ijaedr.2015.54896 0       با توجه به اهمیت گسترش صادرات غیر نفتی در پیشرفت و توسعة اقتصادی کشورها، در این مطالعه اثر بی‌ثباتی صادرات بخش کشاورزی بر تولید این بخش برای دورة 1353-1386 بررسی شد. همچنین، منابع بی‌ثباتی ارزش صادرات محصولات کشاورزی برای دورة 1353-1390 با استفاده از شاخص بی‌ثباتی کوپاک تعیین شد. نتایج نشان داد تأثیر بی‌ثباتی صادرات بر تولید بخش کشاورزی منفی و اثر متغیرهای صادرات، واردات، سرمایه و نرخ ارز واقعی مثبت و معنی‌دار و تأثیر نیروی کار منفی و معنی‌دار است. تجزیة منابع بی‌ثباتی نیز نشان داد زیر‌بخش‌های باغداری، زراعت، دامداری و شیلات به‌ترتیب بیشترین تأثیر را بر نوسان صادرات بخش کشاورزی دارند. در زیربخش زراعت، محصولات پیاز، گوجه‌فرنگی، ادویه‌جات، انواع‌ دانه‌های ‌روغنی، منسوجات و شکر و در زیربخش باغبانی انواع بادام، مرکبات، خرما، فندق و پسته و در زیربخش دامداری، انواع دام زنده، پوست و پشم درجة بالای رقابت‌پذیری را در بازار‌های جهانی دارند. 1 Due to the significance of the non-oil exports extension in economical progress and development countries, in the current study the effect of instability of agriculture exports on the production of this sector for the period 1974-2007 and determining the sources of instability in export value of agricultural products from 1974-2011 by Coppack instability index was investigated. According to the findings, the effect of exports instability on the production of agriculture was negative; the effect of export variability, import, investment, and the real exchange rate was positive and significant; and the effect of labor was negative and significant. Also analyzing the sources of instability showed that the sub sectors as horticulture, cultivation, livestock and fishery had the most effect on the volatility of agriculture exports, respectively. In cultivation sub sector, crops like onion, tomato, spices, types of oilseeds, textiles, sugar, in horticulture sub sector, types of almond, citrus, date, hazelnut, pistachios, and in the livestock subsector, types of live animals, leather and wool have a higher rank of competitiveness in world market. 299 310 اسماعیل پیش بهار Esmaeil Pishbahar دانشیار گروه اقتصاد کشاورزی دانشکدة کشاورزی، دانشگاه تبریز ایران pishbahar@yahoo.com جلال رحیمی Jalal Rahimi دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد اقتصاد کشاورزی، دانشگاه لرستان ایران jalalrahimi87@yahoo.com قادر دشتی Ghader Dashti دانشیار گروه اقتصاد کشاورزی دانشکدة کشاورزی، دانشگاه تبریز ایران ghdashti@yahoo.com محمد قهرمانزاده Mohamad Ghahremanzad دانشیار گروه اقتصاد کشاورزی دانشکدة کشاورزی، دانشگاه تبریز ایران ghahremanzadeh@tabrizu.ac.ir ایران بخش کشاورزی پایداری صادرات شاخص‌های ناپایداری Aggarwal, M. R. (1982). "Export Earning Instability and Economic Development in Less Developed Countries: A Statistical Verification", Indian Economic Journal 29, 60-70## Coppock, J.D. (1962)." International Economic Instability." New York: McGraw Hill Publishing Company.##3.       Devkota, S. Ch. (2004), "Causes of Export Instability in Nepal", Journal of Development Studies, Vol. 59, PP. 77-109.##FAO, (2012), " Agriculture-Stat available online at website: www.faostate.org."##5.       Farhadi, A., and Bastani. A.R. (2006)," Relationship between openness andproductivity growth in selected countries such as Iran (stress on fourth development rule)".289-302. Kateb. B. Articles book of first seminar of productivity and development. The plan and budget prganization of Tabriz.##Grubel, H. and P. Lloyd, (1975) ," Intra-Industry Trade: The Theory and Measurement of International Trade in Differentiated Products", Wiley, New York, 1975.##7.       Gyimah-Bermpong, K. (1991).,"Export Instability and Economic Growth in Sub -Saharan Africa" , Economic Development and Cultural Change, Vol.4,July, pp.815-829.##8.        Guillaumont P., Guillamont Jeanneney S. et Brun J. –F. (1997). "How Instability Lowers African Growth." 10th Anniversary Conference, Center for the study of African Economies. Oxford University, 1997 and Journal of African Economies, vol. 8, No l, PP.87-107.##9.       Hanson, John R. (1980). "Export Instability in Historical Perspective", The Journal of Economic History, Vol. 40, No. 1, pp. 17-24.##10.    Helpman, E. and Krugman, P. (1985)," Market structure and Foreign Trade"; MIT Press, MA.##11.    Hodrick R.J., Prescott E.C. (1997), "Postwar U.S. business cycles: an empirical investigation", Journal of Money Credit and Banking, 29 (1), pp. 1–16.##Kazeroni E., Rezazadeh E., Mohammadpor S., (2010). "Asymetric Effects Real Exchange Rate Instability On Nonoil Export: Nonlinear Markov Sweeching Aproach", Journal of Modeling Reaserch. (In Farsi)##Korkinejad Zh., najafi B., (2006). "Economic Sector Share in Conomic Growth: Simulation Aproach" ,.Agricultural Economic Journal,Wrapper 2 Number two. Pp 69-92. (In Farsi)##14.    Kose, M. Ayhan and Raymond R.(1999). "Trade Shocks and  Economics and Finance", Brandeis University; Department of Economics, University of Iowa. CSGR Working Paper No. 43.##15.    Lim, D. (1976). "Export instability and economic growth: A Return to fundamentals". Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 38(4), 311-322.##16.    Lim, D. (1974). "Export Instability and Economic Development: The Example of West Malaysia". Oxford Economic Papers 26, 78-92.##17.    Love, J. (1992)." Export instability and the domestic economy: Question of causality". Journal of development studies, 28(4), 735-742.##18.    Low, P. and Marcelo, O., Javier S., (1998), "Does globalization cause a higher Concentration of international trade & investment flows?" WTO Working Paper.##Asghar por H., Mohamadpor S., Rezazadeh E.,Jahangiri Kh., (2011), Study of Exchange rate Effect on Agricltural Product Export, Investigashion Agricultural Economic Journal, Number 4, pp 121-137.##20.    Macbean,A.I. (1966), "Export Instability and Economic Development", Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press.##21.    Massell, B. (1970), "Export Instability and Economic Structure", American Economic Review, September, PP. 618-630.##Mirshojaee F. (1996),. Export Instability and Economic Growth In OPEC Country, Journal of Trade Research and Policy, Number 4. (In Farsi)##Mullor-Sebastian, A. (1990). "Export Instability and Policy Implications for Developing Countries as Residual Suppliers", IMF WORKING PAPER, No.44.##Nelson, C. and Kang, H. (1981). "Spurious Periodicity in Inappropriately Detrended Time Series. Econometrica", vol. 49, p. 741-51.##25.    Ozler, S. (1988)." Export Instability and Growth". 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(2003), "Export Instability and Economic Growth in Pakistan", Global Business Review, Vol. 4, No. 2, PP. 271-283.##Xin, Xian & Liu Jing (2008), "Geographic Concentration and China's Agricultural Export Instability", Word Economy, Vol. 31, No. 2, PP. 275-285.##

0 سنجش توانمندی شغلی دانش‌آموختگان مقطع کارشناسی کشاورزی و راهکارهای بهبود آن از دیدگاه دانشجویان کارشناسی‌ارشد دانشگاه زنجان Assessing occupational empowerment of agricultural graduates and strategies to improve it from the viewpoint of graduate students in Zanjan University https://ijaedr.ut.ac.ir/article_54897.html 10.22059/ijaedr.2015.54897 0 شناسایی توانمندی‌های مورد نیاز دانش‌آموختگان در بازار کار و تقویت آن‌ها نقشی اساسی در افزایش دسترسی به فرصت‌های شغلی دارد. هدف پژوهش حاضر سنجش توانمندی شغلی فارغ‌التحصیلان مقطع کارشناسی کشاورزی و راهکارهای بهبود آن است. نمونة آماری این تحقیق را 101 نفر از دانشجویان کارشناسی ارشد دانشکدة کشاورزی دانشگاه زنجان در سال 91 تشکیل دادند. ابزار تحقیق پرسشنامه بود که روایی آن از طریق متخصصان دانشگاهی و کارشناسان جهاد کشاورزی تأیید شد و برای سنجش پایایی آن از آلفای کرونباخ (94/0-87/0) استفاده شد. نتایج نشان داد میانگین نمرة توانمندی شغلی پاسخگویان 04/7 از 20 است که نشانگر توانمندی شغلی ضعیف آن‌هاست. با استفاده از تحلیل عاملی، راهکارهای توانمندسازی شغلی دانش‌آموختگان کشاورزی در هفت عامل، افزایش حمایت‌های دولتی، افزایش ارتباط بین بخش آموزش با اجرا، ایجاد تغییرات ساختاری در شیوة آموزشی، برگزاری دوره‌های آموزشی فنی- حرفه‌ای در زمان تحصیل، ایجاد تغییرات ساختاری در محتوای آموزشی، تغییر در شیوة پذیرش دانشجو و اصلاح برنامه‌های درسی خلاصه شدند که درمجموع 64 درصد از کل تغییرات مربوط به راهکارهای توانمندی شغلی پاسخگویان را تبیین می‌کنند. 1 Identifying the skills required in the labor market for graduates and strengthening them will have major role in increasing their access to employment opportunities. The purpose of this study was to measure occupational empowerment of agricultural graduates and mechanisms for strengthening it. Agricultural graduate students in Zanjan University formed the research population (n=101). The validity of the questionnaire was approved by a panel of academic experts. Pre-test and calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficients were used to measure the reliability (0.87 - 0.94). The results showed that the average score of occupational empowerment of respondents was 7.04 out of 20 indicating weakness of situation. Using exploratory factor analysis, strategies for improving occupational empowerment of agricultural graduates were summarized to seven factors including: increasing government support, increasing relationship between the university and Agricultural Ministry, making structural changes in education, vocational training during study, making changes in educational content, changing in accepting students practices and revising curriculum. 64% of the total variance of strategies for improving occupational empowerment was explained by these seven factors. 311 318 سیده شیرین گلباز Seyyede Shirin Golbaz دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی، دانشگاه زنجان ایران shiringolbaz90@gmail.com جعفر یعقوبی Jafar Yaghoubi دانشیار گروه ترویج، ارتباطات و توسعة روستایی، دانشگاه زنجان ایران jafar230@yahoo.com اشتغال توانمندی شغلی دانش‌آموختگان کشاورزی راهکار 1. Ale Aboyeh, S., & Shamsazar, N. (2008).Entrepreneurship training Position in improved agricultural employment status, challenges and opportunities. In the Proceedings of National Conference on Entrepreneurial Development in agricultural Science and applications Education, Institute of Applied of Agricultural Jihad, Mashhad, p 20.   (In Farsi)##2. Barabadi, A., Malek Mohamadi, I., & Asadi, A. (2009). Analysis of educational and social - cultural barriers agricultural graduates employment. Journal of Social, Economic, Scientific and Cultural, 109. (In Farsi)##3. Golipoor, A., Rehimiyan, E., & Mirzamani, A. (2008). The role of formal education and organizational occupation on women empowerment Tehran. Women Research, 3(6), P 113-132. (In Farsi)##4. Herendi, F., & Mohsenkhani, Z. (2007). Employment challenges, Journalof Science - Research of Social Welfare, 25(6), p 5. (In Farsi)##5. JafariyeSamimi, A. (2002).Survey Employment of Zanjan University Graduates. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Tehran, Iran. Not published. (In Farsi)##6. Kathleen, C. (2001). "Developing employ ability skills", Journal of Improvement Research, 5(21).##7. Knight, P., & yorke, M. (2002). Employability through the curriculum. Tertiary Education and Management, 8(4), pp. 261–276.##8. Lin, J. (2006). "Employment and China’s private universities: Key concerns". International Higher education Newsletter, 42(1), pp 1-28.##9. Melhem, y. (2004). The antecedents of customer contact employees' empowerment « Employee Relation, 1(26),  p 72-93.##Mir Kamali, M., Bageriye KHalili, Z. (2005). Evaluate jobs Capabilities of technical and vocational of graduates. Educational Innovations, 13, P 85-110. (In Farsi)##Movahedi, R., Akbari, R., Yagobi, A., & Khodaverdiyan, M. (2010). The solutions for improving the employment situation of graduates in agriculture. Journal of Agricultural Extension and Education, 4(3).##Robbins, T.L., Crino, M.D., & Frendal, L.D. (2002). An Integrative Model of the Empowerment process. Human Resource Management Review, 12(3), p 419- 443.##Sajedi, F., Omidvari, A. (2006). Influencing Factors of employee empowerment. Seventh International Conference of Quality Managers, Tehran, P16. (In Farsi)##Shahbazi, E., & Ali Beygi, A. (2006). Analysis of the qualifications of agricultural graduates to enter the labor market. Journal of Agricultural Extension and Education in Iran, 1(2), P15. (In Farsi)##Shariatzadeh, M., Chizari, M., Malek Mohamadi, I., & Nozari, A. (2006).  Opinions of agricultural education experts about the goals, program and the process of agricultural education students attracting, Journal of Agricultural Extension and Education in Iran, 1(2), P1.  (In Farsi)##Tahmasebi, M., Pezeshkiye Rad, G., & Shabanaliye Fami, H. (2010). Effective factors on the ability of agriculture students to enter the labor market in the age of globalization. Journal excellent Education Association of Iran, 4(2). (In Farsi)##Taleboyan, A., & Vafayi, F. (2009). Comprehensive model for empowering human resources, Journal of management, 20(203), P 16-20. (In Farsi)##Torabi Mehrabi, M. (2006).Necessary to empower students. Journal of Growth, (14), p 35. (In Farsi)##

0 تحلیل موانع و مشکلات تولیدکنندگان گل و گیاهان زینتی از دیدگاه گلکاران در شهرستان محلات Analysis of production constrains of flowers and ornamental plants in viewpoint of floriculturist in Mahalat county https://ijaedr.ut.ac.ir/article_54898.html 10.22059/ijaedr.2015.54898 0 در این تحقیق، موانع و مشکلات تولید­کنندگان گل و گیاهان زینتی از دیدگاه گلکاران در شهرستان محلات تحلیل و بررسی شد. جامعة آماری تحقیق شامل 420 نفر از گلکاران محلات بود که صد نفر با استفاده از فرمول کوکران و روش نمونه­گیری سادة تصادفی به‌عنوان نمونه انتخاب شدند. ابزار جمع‌آوری داده­ها، پرسشنامه­ای بود که روایی آن توسط استادان و کارشناسان مربوط و تعدادی از متخصصان ایستگاه ملی تحقیقات گل و گیاهان زینتی شهرستان محلات تأیید شد. میزان پایایی پرسشنامه با روش آلفای کرونباخ بررسی شد و مقدار آن در بخش تولید (85/ . =α)، برداشت، بسته‌بندی، فرآوری و صادرات (80/ . =α) و بازاریابی (91/ . =α) به‌دست آمد و این مقادیر مناسب‌بودن ابزار تحقیق را بیان می‌کنند. براساس نتایج تحلیل عاملی، موانع و مشکلات تولیدکنندگان در بخش­های تولید، برداشت، بسته­بندی، فرآوری و صادرات، همچنین بازاریابی گل و گیاهان زینتی در هفت عامل اقتصادی، ظرفیت‌سازی برای ارتقای دانش، کمبود امکانات برداشت و فرآوری، مهارت و دانش فنی، مهارت‌آموزی بازاریابی، حمایت دولت از گلکاران و توانمند­سازی گلکاران دسته­بندی شدند. 1 The main purpose of this study was to investigate the constrains related to production of flowers and ornamental plants in viewpoint of floriculturists in Mahalat county. The statistical population of study consisted of all the floriculturist (N= 420) working in Mahalat county a sample of 100 floriculturists was selected by use of Cochran formula and random sampling technique. A questionnaire was designed and employed to gather the required data. The cronbachs alpha coefficient of the production part was( α= 0.85), harvesting part ( α= 0.80) and marketing part was ( α= 0.91). The validity of instrument was approved by faculty members, related experts and experts of research center of flowers and ornamental plants in Mahalat county. The result of factor analysis of constraints in production harvesting and marketing parts were divided in the seven factors including economic, capacity building toward promoting knowledge . Shortage of harvesting and processing equipment, marketing training and etc. 319 325 علی امیری Ali Amiri دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی، دانشگاه تهران ایران aliamiri69@ut.ac.ir رسول لوایی آدریانی Rasoul Lavaei Adriani دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد توسعة روستایی، دانشگاه تهران ایران lavaeirasool68@gmail.com سعدی فتح الهی گلام بحری Saadi Fatollahi Golam Bahri دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد توسعة روستایی، دانشگاه تهران ایران sfathollahi68@yahoo.com خلیل کلانتری Khalil Kalantari استاد دانشکدة اقتصاد و توسعة کشاورزی، دانشگاه تهران ایران khkalan@ut.ac.ir بازاریابی برداشت تولید گل و گیاهان زینتی محلات Coetzee, J.H., Eigenhuis, W.J.H.  and Littlejohn, G.M. )2001(. The South African indigenous flower industry: challenges and limitations, at: www.actahort.org.##Jin,L.&Young, W. )2001(. Water use in agriculture in china: importance, challenges, and implications for policy. Journal of water policy, 3, 215-228.##Kafi, M. Malakoti, M. J., )2003(. New perspective in production industry of ornamental flowers   and    plantsrelying on balanced nutrition. Sana press. Tehran. (In Farsi).##Mahdavi,M. )2000(. The role of management in optimized using than irrigation water. Proceedings of Tenth congress of Iranian national committee of irrigation and drainage. Tehran. Iran.(In Farsi) .##Norozi, GH.,Zamanian, A. R and Hashemian, A. A. )2005(. Study barriers of production and marketing in exporting of flowers and plants in the Mazandaran province. Fifth biennialconferenceof Iran agricultural economic.Sistan and balochestan University, Zahedan. (In Farsi).##Osare, GH, Moetamedi, B & Eilkhanzadeh, H. )2006(.Comparision of irrigation efficiency in consolidate and none consolidate lands of irrigation network. Proceedings of National congress on .##Ozkan, B., M.A. Çelikyurt, O.Karagüzel and F. Akkaya. (2003). Production structure and main marketing problems of export oriented cut flower industry in turkey, at: www.actahort.org.##Raha, S. K. and N. Sultan. )1995(. Marketing of flowers in Daka city. Bangladesh J. Agric. Econ.    18(1):3-56.##Taghsimi, J. (1999). Take alook at the global market of flowers and plants. Institute of Business Studies and Research, Tehran. (In Farsi).##10. World  Bank. (2005). Shaping th Future of water for Agriculture: A Sourcebook for Investment in Agricultural Water Management, (1 st Ed). World bank publications, US.##11. Yercan, M(2003).Management turning-over and participatory management of irrigation shemes: a case study of Gediz River Basin in Turkey. Agricultural water management, 62(3), 205-214.##12. Zamanian, A. R., (2009). Flowers and plants Production and marketingin Iran. Offeraneffective strategythrough marketing mix model. Commercial studies. 39: 32-48. (In Farsi).##

0 برآورد تابع تقاضای حامل های انرژی در بخش کشاورزی ایران Estimation of energy demand function in agricultural sector of Iran https://ijaedr.ut.ac.ir/article_54899.html 10.22059/ijaedr.2015.54899 0 امروزه نهادة انرژی در کنار نهادة نیروی کار و سرمایه نقش مهمی در تولید کشاورزی ایفا می‌کند. انرژی نهاده‌ای مورد نیاز برای فعالیت ماشین‌آلات و ادوات کشاورزی است. بحث حائز اهمیت در این زمینه مربوط به میزان واکنش تقاضای انرژی به تغییرات قیمت حامل‌های انرژی و سایر نهاده‌های تولیدی است. از این‌‌رو، مطالعة حاضر به تخمین توابع تقاضای نهاده­های انرژی در بخش کشاورزی شامل برق و نفت گاز و برآورد کشش­های قیمتی و جانشینی (آلن و موریشیما) میان نهاده­های مصرفی پرداخت. برای این منظور، از تابع هزینة ترانسلوگ استفاده شد. نتایج این تحقیق نشان می­دهد، نهاده‌های برق- نفت گاز و برق- سرمایة جانشین‌اند و دو نهادة نفت گاز و سرمایه مکمل یکدیگرند و به‌طور کلی نفت گاز در مقایسه با برق نسبت به تغییرات قیمت -نفت گاز و برق- حساسیت بیشتری نشان می‌دهد؛ بنابراین، توصیه می­شود با توجه به ارزان‌تربودن و پاک‌تربودن انرژی الکتریکی، سیاست‌ها در راستای افزایش تقاضای برق و کاهش مصرف نفت گاز باشد و برای این منظور بهتر است سیاست‌های قیمتی به‌گونه‌ای اتخاذ شوند تا نفت گاز به‌طور مستقیم و به‌تبع آن برق از آن تأثیر بگیرند. 1 Nowadays, factor of energy besides other factors such as labor and capital plays an important role in agricultural production. Energy is used as a factor for agricultural machines and instruments. Important discussion about this subject is the reaction rate of energy demand to price variations of energy and other factors. So, this study estimates the functions of energy demand in agricultural sector including electricity and diesel, and calculates the price and substitution elasticity (Allen and Morishima) between the used factors. For this purpose, trans-log cost function is used. The results showed that, the relationship between factors such as electricity and diesel, electricity and capital are substituted and the same, for diesel and capital are complemented. In general diesel in comparison with electricity is more sensitive to the variation of price (diesel & electricity). So, regarding that electricity is more cleaner and cheaper than other energy factors, it is recommended that policies encourage electricity demand and reduce diesel consumption; and for this purpose it is better to apply price policies such as diesel directly and consequently electricity to be affected. 327 334 مطهره بخشایش Motahareh Bakhshahyesh کارشناس ارشد دانشکدة اقتصاد و توسعة کشاورزی، دانشگاه تهران ایران m.bakhshayesh@ut.ac.ir سعید یزدانی Saeed Yazdani استاد دانشکدة اقتصاد و توسعة کشاورزی، دانشگاه تهران ایران syazdani@ut.ac.ir برق ترانسلوگ تقاضای انرژی بخش کشاورزی کشش جانشینی نفت گاز Bagherzade A and Amirtamouri S. (2009) “Estimate demand energy function in agricultural sector of Iran.” National Seventh Conference in December 2009.##Balance Sheet of Energy (1964-2009) Office of Electricity and Energy metropolitan planning. Electricity and Energy Department of Energy Department. (In Farsi)##Blackorby C and Russell R R. (1989) “Will the real elasticity of substitution please stand up? A comparison of the Allen/Uzawa and Morishimaelasticities.” The American economic review, 779 4: 882-888.##Chambers R G. (1988) “Applied production analysis” A dual approach.Cambridge university press, Cambridge, MA.##Dahl, C., Erdogan, M., (2000). “ Energy and interfactor substitution in Turkey.” OPEC Review 24 (1), 1-22.##Fenchel W. (1951). “Covex sets and functions.” Princeton university, Lecture notes.##Field B C andGrebenstein C. 1980 Capital-Energy substitution in U.S. manufacturing.The review of economics and statistics, 62: 207-212.##Griffen J M and Gregory P R. (1976) “An intercountrytranslog model of energy substitution response.” The American economic review, 66: 845-857.##Gulden Boluk A A K. (2010) “Electricity demand of manufacturing sector in Turkey: A translog cost approach.” Energy economics, 32: 609-615.##Harvey A C and Marshall P. 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0 عوامل مؤثر بر پذیرش کتابخانة دیجیتال توسط اعضای هیئت علمی مراکز آموزش و پژوهش کشاورزی در استان گیلان Factors influencing on acceptance of digital library by faculty members of agricultural educational and research institutions in Guilan Province https://ijaedr.ut.ac.ir/article_54900.html 10.22059/ijaedr.2015.54900 0 کتابخانه‌های دیجیتال بخش اجتناب‌ناپذیر مؤسسه‌های آموزشی و پژوهشی هستند و با وجود هزینه‌های گزافی که صرف دسترسی و بهره‌برداری از آن‌ها می‌شود، یافته‌ها نشان می‌دهد هنوز کاربران بالقوه‌ای آن‌ها را نادیده می‌گیرند. تحقیق حاضر با هدف بررسی عوامل مؤثر بر پذیرش و تمایل اعضای هیئت علمی مؤسسه‌های آموزش عالی و پژوهشی کشاورزی استان گیلان در استفاده از کتابخانة دیجیتال براساس مدل ارائه‌شده توسط et al. Venkatesh (2003)، نظریة یکپارچة پذ‌یر‌ش و استفاده از فناوری (UTAUT) انجام گرفت. در این مد‌ل، چها‌ر سازة مستقل انتظار عملکرد، انتظار تلاش، نفو‌ذ اجتماعی و شر‌ا‌یط تسهیل‌گر و چها‌ر متغیر تعدیل‌گر جنس، سن، تجربه و اختیار استفاده بررسی می‌شوند که بر دو سازة‌ و‌ا‌بستة نیا‌ت ر‌فتا‌ری و‌ ر‌فتا‌ر استفاده تأثیر می‌گذارند. در این راستا، از تحقیقی توصیفی به‌منظور مطالعة 85 نفر از اعضای هیئت علمی مؤسسه‌های آموزش عالی و پژوهشی کشاورزی استان گیلان استفاده شد که با استفاده از روش نمونه­گیری مطبق نامتناسب انتخاب شدند. پس از تأیید روایی پرسشنامه توسط متخصصان، آمارة آلفای کرونباخ به‌منظور بررسی پایایی، برابر با 78/0 محاسبه شد که بیانگر پایایی قابل قبول پرسشنامه است. به‌منظور تجزیه و تحلیل داده­های پژوهش از آمار توصیفی و تکنیک حداقل مربعات جزئی و نرم­افزارهای آماری SPSS و SmartPLS استفاده شد. نتا‌یج نشان می‌دهد سه متغیر اصلی انتظار تلاش، نفو‌ذ اجتماعی و شر‌ا‌یط تسهیل‌گر، عوامل کلیدی مؤثر بر نیا‌ت ر‌فتا‌ری و ر‌فتا‌ر استفادة کاربران نهایی‌ از کتابخانه دیجیتال هستند. 1 Digital libraries have become an inevitable part of higher education and research institutions. Though the exorbitant costs are spent on access and utilization of them, research findings indicates potential users may still be ignoring them. This study assesses influencing factors on acceptance and intention of academic staff of agricultural higher education and research institutions in using of digital library based on original model designed by Venkatesh et al. (2003); a model called “The unified theory of acceptance and use of technology” (UTAUT). The model has four independent constructs of performance expectance, effort expectance, social influence and facilitating conditions; four moderator variables of gender, age, experience and voluntariness of use and together influence the dependent constructs of behavioral intentions, usage behavior.In this regard a descriptive survey for studding 85 faculty members of agricultural educational and research institutes, who were selected by disproportional stratified sampling method, was used. The validity of the questionnaire was approved by experts’ opinion. The estimated reliability, using Cronbach’s Alpha, was 0.78, which was an acceptable reliability.The collected data were analyzed using statistical, Partial squares least technique, SPSS and SPLS software tools. The results showed that effort expectancy, social influence and facilitating conditions variables are effective factors on use of digital library. 335 356 حمزه خوشحال کوشالی Hamzeh Khoshhal Koshali دانش آموخته کارشناسی ارشد مدیریت کشاورزی، واحد رشت، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، رشت، ایران ایران hamzeh_khoshhal@yahoo.com محمد صادق اللهیاری Mohamad Sadegh Allahyari دانشیار گروه مدیریت کشاورزی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، رشت، ایران ایران norhosseini@mailinator.com محمد چیذری Mohamad Chizari استاد گروه ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران ایران mchizari@modares.ac.ir زهرا دقیقی ماسوله Zahra Daghighi Masouleh باشگاه پژوهشگران جوان و نخبگان، واحد رشت، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، زشت، ایران ایران mana.daghighi@yahoo.com تکنیک حداقل مربعات جزئی کتابخانة دیجیتال مدل UTAUT مؤسسه‌های آموزشی و پژوهشی کشاورزی Rahman, A. L. A., Jamaludin, A., & Mahmud, Z. (2011). Intention to use digital library based on modified UTAUT model: perspectives of Malaysian postgraduate students. 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0 شناسایی انگیزه‏ های کارآفرینانۀ دانشجویان کشاورزی: کاربرد مقیاس‏ بندی چندبعدی Identifying entrepreneurial motivations of agricultural students: application of multidimensional scaling (Case study: Campus of agriculture and natural resources, Razi University) https://ijaedr.ut.ac.ir/article_54901.html 10.22059/ijaedr.2015.54901 0 هدف کلی این پژوهش که با روش آمیخته انجام گرفت، شناسایی و تحلیل انگیزه‏های کارآفرینانۀ دانشجویان کشاورزی بود. جامعۀ پژوهش در بخش کیفی شامل دانشجویانی است که در پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی دانشگاه رازی برای ایجاد کسب و کارهای کارآفرینی اقدام کرده بودند. جامعۀ آماری پژوهش در بخش کمّی شامل تمام دانشجویان سال چهارم کارشناسی رشته‏های کشاورزی دانشگاه رازی است (N=186) که 164 نفر از آن‏ها به روش نمونه‏گیری تصادفی طبقه‏ای با انتساب متناسب انتخاب شدند. ابزار اصلی پژوهش برای جمع­آوری داده­ها در بخش کیفی مصاحبه و در بخش کمّی پرسشنامه­ بود. یافته‏ها نشان داد میزان انگیزۀ‏ کارآفرینانۀ دانشجویان کشاورزی بالاتر از متوسط است. براساس نتایج مقایسۀ میانگین­ها، بین میزان انگیزه‏های کارآفرینانۀ دانشجویان کشاورزی براساس متغیرهای جنسیت، شرکت یا شرکت‌نکردن در دوره‏های آموزش کارآفرینی، داشتن یا نداشتن الگو، رشتة تحصیلی، خودکارآمدی کارآفرینی و نگرش به کارآفرینی اختلاف معنی‌داری وجود داشت. نتایج تحلیل مقیاس‏بندی چندبُعدی، انگیزه‏های کارآفرینانۀ دانشجویان کشاورزی را در دو بُعد «انگیزه‏های اقتصادی کارآفرینانه» و «انگیزه‏های روان‌شناختی کارآفرینانه» در فضا نمایش داد. نتایج این مطالعه دستاوردهای مناسبی برای کمک به برنامه­ریزان نظام آموزش عالی کشاورزی در راستای ارتقای انگیزه‏های کارآفرینانۀ دانشجویان کشاورزی دارد. 1 The main purpose of this mixed method research was to identify and prioritize the entrepreneurial motivations of agricultural students in Razi University. This research was carried out in tow phase. In qualitative phase the research population consisted of agricultural students experienced in startup an entrepreneurial business.Statistical population for second phase consisted of all agricultural fourth-year undergraduate students (N=186), that 164 of them were selected using random simple sampling method. The main instrument of this study in qualitative phase was interview and in quantitative phase was questionnaire. Findings revealed that agricultural students have the positive entrepreneurial motivations. The results of mean comparison showed that students’ entrepreneurial motivations were different based on gender, entrepreneurship training courses, entrepreneurship model, study field, entrepreneurial self-efficacy and attitude towards entrepreneurship. Based on multidimensional scaling, students’ entrepreneurial motivation was classified in two dimensions including "economic entrepreneurial motivations" and "psychological entrepreneurial motivations". Results have applications for planners of higher agricultural education system in order to improving the agricultural student's entrepreneurial motivations. 347 362 نعمت اله شیری Nematollah Shiri دانشجوی دکتری گروه ترویج و توسعة روستایی دانشکدة کشاورزی، دانشگاه رازی ایران nshiri82@gmail.com امیرحسین علی بیگی Amirhossein Alibaygi دانشیار گروه ترویج و توسعة روستایی دانشکدة کشاورزی، دانشگاه رازی ایران baygi1@gmail.com آموزش کشاورزی انگیزۀ کارآفرینی کارآفرینی مقیاس‏بندی چندبعدی 1- Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2): 179- 211.##2- Amiri, A. & Moradi, Y. (2008). The Survey of Entrepreneurial Attitudes Barriers of Students. Journal of research and planning in higher education, 14(3): 45-47. 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0 تدوین اولویت های صادراتی کشمش ایران در بازار جهانی Formulate priorities of raisin exports Iran in the world market https://ijaedr.ut.ac.ir/article_54902.html 10.22059/ijaedr.2015.54902 0 کشمش یکی از مهم‌ترین محصولات ارزآور کشاورزی ایران است و ایران پس از کشورهای ترکیه و آمریکا سومین صادرکنندۀ کشمش جهان است. در این مقاله، با استفاده از شاخص‌های مزیت نسبی صادراتی، مزیت وارداتی، نسبت­های تمرکز و هرفیندال- هیرشمن، به بررسی وضعیت تجاری و ساختار بازار صادراتی و وارداتی محصول کشمش در جهان در دورۀ زمانی 2011-2001 پرداخته می‌شود. براساس نتایج، ساختار بازار صادراتی در این دوره انحصار چندجانبة بسته بود، اما در سال 2011 نسبت به 2001 رقابتی­تر شد. ساختار بازار وارداتی با نوسان همراه بود، به‌طوری‌که در بعضی سال­ها از انحصار چندجانبه به انحصار چندجانبۀ باز گرایش یافت. با وجود رقابت­پذیری صادراتی کشمش ایران در این دوره، رشد آن 8/6- درصد بود، در‌حالی­که کشورهای آمریکا و شیلی رشدی مثبت داشتند. همچنین، بین مزیت صادراتی ایران و کشورهای رقیب همبستگی وجود ندارد. نتایج همبستگی مزیت صادراتی ایران و رقبا با مزیت وارداتی واردکنندگان برتر نشان داد که با افزایش مزیت وارداتی کانادا مزیت صادراتی ایران افزایش می­یابد. گفتنی است چنین رابطه­ای بین مزیت وارداتی کانادا و مزیت صادراتی ترکیه و آمریکا نیز وجود دارد که مهم‌ترین رقبای ایران در توسعۀ بازار در این کشور محسوب می­شوند. براساس نتایج، پیشنهاد می­شود ایران با استفاده از عوامل بازاریابی و سیاست­های تولیدی و تجاری مناسب در پی حفظ و توسعۀ سهم صادراتی خود در بازارهای هدف قدیمی و جدید باشد. 1 Raisin is one of the most important agricultural products in Iran. Iran after the Turkey and America countries is the third largest exporter of raisin in world. Using the indices of export advantage, import advantage, concentration ratios and the Herfindahl-Hirschman, have been analyzed to check the state trade and market structure of export and import of raisin product in the world during 2001-2011. Results indicate that the structure of export markets have been Monopoly Multilateral Closed in the period,but it has become more competitive in 2011 than in 2001. Import market structure has been with fluctuation, so that in some years it opens multilateral monopoly and has become more competitive. Based on the results obtained observed Iran's raisin has export advantage in this period. Another noteworthy is the negative growth of Iran's export advantage (-6.8%),while America and Chile have positive growth. Correlation results in Iran's export advantage to competitors show that there is no correlation between Iran and rival nations. The correlation results of export advantage of Iran and competitors with import advantage of the top superior importers showed that with enhancement of Canada's import advantage increases Iran's export advantage. It is noteworthy, raisins export advantage of Turkey and America has positive correlation with import advantage of Canada that is serious rivals for Iran in market development in Canada. Also, Iran with Russia and Belgium has negative correlation that indicative weaken the Iran competitive power is in the markets these countries. According to results of this study, it is suggested,Iran with use of agents marketing and appropriate policies of price and trade, his export share kept in target markets and follow to find new markets to development export share of Iran’s raisins in world. 363 373 میلاد امینی زاده Milad Aminizadeh دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد اقتصاد کشاورزی دانشکدة اقتصاد و توسعة کشاورزی، دانشگاه تهران ایران milad.amini@ut.ac.ir حامد رفیعی Hamed Rafiee استادیار اقتصاد کشاورزی دانشکدة اقتصاد و توسعة کشاورزی، دانشگاه تهران ایران hamedrafiee@ut.ac.ir اندیشه ریاحی Andisheh Riahi کارشناسی ارشد اقتصاد کشاورزی دانشکدة اقتصاد و توسعة کشاورزی، دانشگاه تهران ایران andishehriahi@gmail.com راضیه شنگایی Razie Shangayi دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد اقتصاد کشاورزی دانشکدة اقتصاد و توسعة کشاورزی، دانشگاه تهران ایران raziehshankayi@yahoo.com الهام مهرپرور حسینی Elham Mehrparvar Hosseini دانشجوی دکتری اقتصاد کشاورزی دانشکدة اقتصاد و توسعة کشاورزی، دانشگاه تهران ایران mehrparvar@ut.ac.ir ساختار بازار صادراتی، ساختار بازار وارداتی، کشمش، مزیت صادراتی، مزیت وارداتی،.JEL: Q1 Q17 D49 N50 Ashrafi, M., Karbasi, A., & Sadrolashrafi, S.M. 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Revealed Comparative Advantage and Competitiveness in Hungarian.  The World Economy, 26, 247-259.##Food and Agriculture Organizationn of the United Nations (FAO). (2013). <www.fao.org>.##Gajurel, D.P., & Pradhan, R.S. (2012). Concentration and Competition in Nepalese Banking. Journal of Business, Economics & Finance, 1, 5-16.##Hosseini, M., & Hooman, T. (2007). Study of international market of date and target markets of Iran’s exporting date. Journal of Agricultural Economic and Development, 15(1), 1-29. (In Farsi)##Hosseini, S.S., & Rafiee, H. (2008). Study of comparative advantages production and export Iranian Pistachios. Journal of Economics and Agricultural Development, 22(2), 45-57. (In Farsi)##Islam, S. (2001). Concentration of international trade in hightechnology products. Applied Economics Letters,  8, 95-97.##Jacob, A.B., and Katharina, H. (2002). Measures of Competition and Concenration in the Banking Industry: a Review of the Literature. 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Designing of Iranian Dates Trade Model; Application of Trade Advantages and Theory of Market Structure. Journal of Agricultural Economics, 7(2), 19-46. (In Farsi)##Paarlberg, D.L., & Haley, M.M. (2001). Market Concentration and Vertical Coordination in the Pork Industry: Implications for Public Policy Analysis. Agribusiness, 17, 197-212.##Peykani, GH., Rafiee, H., & Mohammadi, A. (2009). Study of the comparative advantage of kiwifruit export in Iran. Journal of Agricultural Economics Researches, 1(3), 47-61. (In Farsi)##Sadeghi, S.K., Khodaverdizadeh, S., & Khodaverdizadeh, M. (2011). Determine the export comparative advantage and The structure of market the export and world import of saffron. Journal of Agricultural Economics Researches, 3(3), 59-76. (In Farsi)##Salami, H., & Pishbahar, E. (2001). Changes in the pattern of comparative advantage of agricultural products in Iran: An empirical analysis based on the revealed comparative advantage indices. Journal of Agricultural Economic and Development, 34, 67-99. (In Farsi)##Vollrath, T.L. (1991). A theoretical evaluation of alternative trade intensity measures of revealed comparative advantage. Weltwirtschaftliches Archive, 127, 265– 280.##

0 کاربرد شبیه‌سازی مونت کارلو در ارزیابی ریسک تولید محصولات کشاورزی (مورد مطالعه: شهرستان گرگان) Application of Monte Carlo simulation in evaluating agricultural production risk (Case study: Gorgan county) https://ijaedr.ut.ac.ir/article_54903.html 10.22059/ijaedr.2015.54903 0 بخش کشاورزی در کشور جایگاه و اهمیت بالا و رو به رشدی دارد، ولی رشد و توسعة این بخش بدون مدیریت مناسب و مؤثر ریسک امکان‌پذیر نیست. در مطالعة حاضر، با استفاده از روش شبیه‌سازی مونت کارلو به‌عنوان یکی از ابزارهای قدرتمند در تجزیه و تحلیل ریسک، سعی شد ریسک تولید ناشی از آثار تغییرات جوی در محصولات کشاورزی غالب شهرستان گرگان در دورة 1363-1390، پیش‌بینی و اندازه‌گیری شود. نتایج نشان داد بیشترین ریسک عملکرد به‌ترتیب مربوط به محصولات جو، سویا و گندم و همچنین کمترین ریسک عملکرد به‌ترتیب مربوط به محصولات لوبیا، شبدر و نخود است. درمجموع، نتایج تحقیق بیانگر تأثیر شایان توجه ریسک عملکرد در این منطقه است؛ بنابراین، باید برنامه‌ریزان و سیاستگذاران به این مسئله توجه کنند. براساس نتایج در زمینة شدت ریسکی‌بودن محصولات، پیشنهاد می‌شود محصولات با ریسک بیشتر تا آنجاکه ممکن است به‌صورت تنها کشت نشوند و تا حد امکان در کنار محصولات با میزان ریسک کمتر قرار گیرند تا مجموع ریسک تحمیل‌شده به کشاورز کاهش یابد. 1 Agriculture sector has had a significant grow thing role in the Iran, but growth and development in this sector is not possible without a suitable risk management. This study has tried to predict and measure the risk from changing weather condition on agriculture products of Gorgan County using Mont Carlo Stimulation as one of the powerful tools on risk analysis. The results showed that the highest level of production risk is for the crop such as barley, soya and wheat and the least level of the risk is for the crops such as bean, clover and pea, respectively. To sum up, the research results indicated a significant effect of production risk in this area and therefore managers and policy makers need to notice it. 375 383 فرشید اشراقی Farshid Eshraghi استادیار گروه اقتصاد کشاورزی دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان ایران f_eshraghi@yahoo.com نرگس خیری Narges Kheiri کارشناس ارشد اقتصاد کشاورزی دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان ایران nargeskheiri@yahoo.com ابراهیم حسن پور Ebrahim Hasanpoor استادیار سابق دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی گرگان، ایران ایران ehassanpour@gmail.com استان گلستان شبیه‌سازی مونت کارلو محصولات کشاورزی مدیریت ریسک Agricultural Insurance Fund portal. (2010) available at: http://www.sbkiran.ir/gorgan/zeraat##Alimi, T. and Wall, A. (2005). Risk and risk management strategies in onion production in Kebbi state of Nigeria. Journal of Social Science, 10(1):1-8.##Borimnezade, V. (2005). Risk management in agriculture. The agricultural research and education organization of Karaj. 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0 برآورد ارزش اقتصادی تفرجگاه‌های طبیعی با استفاده از رویکرد هزینه سفر ( مورد مطالعه: بوستان فاتح) Application of Monte Carlo simulation in evaluating agricultural production risk (Case study: Gorgan county) https://ijaedr.ut.ac.ir/article_54904.html 10.22059/ijaedr.2015.54904 0 پارک­های شهری ارزش­های تفرجگاهی مهمی برای گذراندن اوقات فراغت مردم دارند. پارک فاتح در مرکز استان البرز قرار دارد و ارائه­دهندة سطحی از خدمات کیفی برای مردم محسوب می­شود، اما ارزیابی اقتصادی این خدمات با معیارهای عادی بسیار دشوار است و به‌طور عمده با لحاظ‌کردن برخی شاخص­ها، برآورد ارزش اقتصادی آن­ها انجام می­گیرد. در مطالعة حاضر، به‌منظور دستیابی به هدف مذکور، با تکمیل سیصد پرسشنامة کلاوسون در زمان حداکثر گردشگری (تابستان 92) در قالب روش هزینة ­سفر (TCM)، ارزش­گذاری، بررسی و تجزیه و تحلیل منطقة مورد مطالعه انجام گرفت. نتایج بیانگر آن است که ارزش تفرجگاهی باغ فاتح با تخمین تقاضای مکان تفریحی و محاسبة مازاد رفاه مصرف­کننده، معادل 138750000 ریال به‌طور سالانه است که سیاستگذاران و تصمیم­گیرندگان با توجه به این امر می­توانند به حمایت از پارک­های شهری توجه کنند. 1 Agriculture sector has had a significant grow thing role in the Iran, but growth and development in this sector is not possible without a suitable risk management. This study has tried to predict and measure the risk from changing weather condition on agriculture products of Gorgan County using Mont Carlo Stimulation as one of the powerful tools on risk analysis. The results showed that the highest level of production risk is for the crop such as barley, soya and wheat and the least level of the risk is for the crops such as bean, clover and pea, respectively. To sum up, the research results indicated a significant effect of production risk in this area and therefore managers and policy makers need to notice it. 385 393 ایرج صالح Iraj Saleh دانشیار اقتصاد کشاورزی دانشکدة اقتصاد و توسعة کشاورزی، دانشگاه تهران ایران isaleh@ut.ac.ir مهدی باستانی Mehdi Bastani دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد اقتصاد کشاورزی دانشکدة اقتصاد و توسعة کشاورزی، دانشگاه تهران ایران mahdi_bastani@ut.ac.ir سمانه عابدی Samaneh Abedi استادیار اقتصاد کشاورزی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری ایران sssabedi@gmail.com ارزش‌ اقتصادی پارک فاتح تابع تقاضای مکان تفریحی هزینة سفر فردی Amirnejad, H. (2007). Natural resources economics. (1th ed). Tehran: Forest Publications. (in farsi)##Amirnejad, H., khalilian, S., & Assareh M.H. (2006). Estimating the existence value of north forests of Iran by using a contingent valuation method. Journal of Ecological Economics, 58, 665-675. (in farsi)##Bateman, I., P.Jones, A., Nishikawa, N., & Brouwer, R. (2000). 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