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0 بررسی پذیرش اجتماعی محصولات تحت آبیاری با فاضلاب تصفیه شده در جنوب استان تهران The social acceptance of product irrigated with filtered sewage in the south of Tehran province https://ijaedr.ut.ac.ir/article_54474.html 10.22059/ijaedr.2015.54474 0 به‌علت شرایط اجتماعی و فرهنگی کشور، استفاده از پساب­ها و آب­های برگشتی در مصارف مختلف و به‌ویژه در مصارف زراعی مورد پذیرش همگانی نیست و با مقاومت­های اجتماعی همراه است. در این مطالعه، تلاش می‌شود چند محصول در سطوح مختلف مصرف از دیدگاه مصرف­کنندگان ساکن تهران با استفاده از مفهوم تمایل به مصرف ارزیابی شود. داده­های تحقیق در سال 1391 و از طریق نمونه‌گیری تصادفی در شهرهای تهران، ورامین و ری به‌دست آمد. نتایج نشان داد با افزایش اعتماد مصرف­کنندگان به فرایند تصفیة فاضلاب، استفاده از کلمة آب بازیافتی به جای فاضلاب، ارائة اطلاعات و کاهش نگرانی­های سلامتی، تمایل به مصرف محصولات کشاورزی تحت آبیاری با فاضلاب تصفیه­شده افزایش می‌یابد. همچنین، نتایج نشان داد مصرف­کنندگان مایل‌اند برای محصولات گوجه‌فرنگی، سبزیجات برگی، نان و گوشت به‌دست‌آمده از فاضلاب تصفیه­شده به‌ترتیب 4/65، 5/59 ، 97/76 و 71/78 درصد قیمت محصولات مشابه به‌دست‌آمده از آب سالم را بپردازند. 1 For social and cultural condition of country using weakest and returned water in different uses especially in agricultural consumption is not public and also is faced social opposition. In this study, it is tried to investigate several products in different levels of consumption according to consumer’s views who reside in Tehran by mean of willingness to use concept. Data are collected in 2012 in Tehran province. Finding show that by increasing the consumers’ trust to sewage filtering process, using the salvage word instead of sewage giving information and decreasing the hygienic anxiety, the willingness of using the agricultural products irrigated with filtered sewage will raise. Furthermore, the result shows that consumers will to pay for products including tomato, vegetable, bread and meet produced by using filtered sewage in turn 78.71, 76.97, 59.5, and 65.4 percent of the price of the same products gained by using the health water. 1 11 محمدرضا ساسولی Mohamad Reze Sasouli استادیار مجتمع آموزش عالی سراوان ایران sasouli@ut.ac.ir سعید یزدانی Saeid Yazdani استاد گروه اقتصاد کشاورزی دانشکدة اقتصاد و توسعة کشاورزی، دانشگاه تهران ایران syazdani@ut.ac.ir سید صفدر حسینی Seyed Safdar Hosseini استاد گروه اقتصاد کشاورزی دانشکدة اقتصاد و توسعة کشاورزی، دانشگاه تهران ایران hoseini@ut.ac.ir ایرج صالح Iraj Saleh دانشیار گروه اقتصاد کشاورزی دانشکدة اقتصاد و توسعة کشاورزی، دانشگاه تهران ایران isaleh@ut.ac.ir پذیرش اجتماعی تمایل به مصرف جنوب تهران فاضلاب تصفیه‌شده 1-       Dolnicar.S., Andrea I. Schafer ,(2009), Desalinated versus recycled water: Public perceptions and profiles of the accepters, Journal of Environmental Management 90, 888–900##2-       Ekin Birol , Phoebe Koundouri, Yiannis Kountouris, (2010), Analysis Assessing the economic viability of alternative water resources in water-scarce regions:Combining economic valuation, cost-benefit analysis and discounting, Ecological Economics 69, 839–847##3-       Environmental conservation corporation, (2004), Analysis the effects of wastewater on plants in south of Tehran, a research report, (in Persian).##4-       Ganhian .M.T., Nehmati, N. (2009), Reuse of wastewater in agricultural is an approach for development of water resource in Iran, The first national seminar in reuse of waste water in water reuse management, Mashhad (in Persian).##5-       George E. Halkos , Nikoleta Jones, (2012), Analysis Modeling the effect of social factors on improving biodiversity protection, Ecological Economics 78, 90–99##6-       Heidarian, M. (2009), Land Subside from ground water downfall in Varamin flat, Tehran Water Corporation, (in Persian).##7-       Hurlimann.A , Sara Dolnicar, Petra Meyer,(2009),Understanding behavior to inform water supply management in developed nations–A review of literature, conceptual model and research agenda. Journal of Environmental Management 91 47–56##8-       Hurlimann, A., McKay, J, 2007, Urban Australians use recycled water for domestic non-potable use—an evaluation of the attributes price, color and odor using conjoint analysis. Journal of Environmental Management 83, 93–104.##9-       Moshaver yekom engineering corporation, (2010), Regularity of surface water in south of Tehran (in Persian).##10-   Maddala G.S. (1991), Limited Dependent and Qualitative variables in Econometrics. Cambridge University Press,Cambridge.##11-   Mallick, D, (2009), Marginal and Interaction Effects in Ordered Response Models, Munich Personal RePEc Archive##12-   Matthew Kotchen, James Kallaos, Kaleena Wheeler, Crispin Wong , Margaret Zahller, (2009),Pharmaceuticals in wastewater: Behavior, preferences, and willingness to pay for a disposal program, Journal of Environmental Management 90 1476–1482##13-   Menegaki, A. N, N. Hanley, Konstantinos P. Tsagarakis, (2007), The social acceptability and valuation of recycled water in Crete: A study of consumers' and farmers' attitudes, Ecological Economics 62 7–18.##14-   Menegaki, A. N, N. Hanley, Konstantinos P. Tsagarakis, (2007), The social acceptability and valuation of recycled water in Crete: A study of consumers' and farmers' attitudes, Ecological Economics 62 7–18.##15-   Nancarrow,M. B.E., Leviston, Z., Porter, N.B, Syme, G.J.,Kaercher, J.D.(2005), Predicting community behavior in relation to wastewater reuse: what drives decisions to accept or reject? Water for a Healthy Country National Research Flagship. CSIRO Land and Water, Perth.##16-   Ostandari Tehran, (2012), Report of Waste Water in south of Tehran, (in Persian).##17-   Po, M., Kaercher, J., Nancarrow, B.E., (2004), Literature review of factors influencing public perceptions of water reuse, Australian water conservation and reuse research program, Australian Water Association, CSIRO, p. 27.##18-   Qadir.M, D. Wichelns, L. Raschid-Sally, P.G. McCornick, P. Drechsel, A. Bahri, P.S. Minhas, (2010),The challenges of wastewater irrigation in developing countries, Agricultural Water Management 97- 561–568##19-   Salimi, M. F., H., Vosogh, R., Jolouse Jmashidi, (2009), Management and planning for optimal use of waste water in treatment waste water center in Iran, The first national seminar in reuse of waste water in water reuse management, Mashhad (in Persian).##20-   Salvador Del Saz-Salazar Francesc Hernández-Sancho, Ramón Sala-Garrido, (2009), The social benefits of restoring water quality in the context of the Water Framework Directive: A comparison of willingness to pay and willingness to accept, Science of the Total Environment 407 4574–4583##21-   Train, K.E., 2003. Discrete Choice Methods with Simulation.Cambridge, p. 334##22-   Tsagarakis.K.P, (2005), Recycled water valuation as a corollary of the 2000/60/EC water framework directive, Agricultural Water Management 72, 1–14##23-   Water Infrastructure of Tehran, (2012), Repot of Water Position in Tehran, (in Persian).##24-   WHO, (2006a), Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater, excreta and greywater WasteWater Use in Agriculture, Vol. 2. World Health Organization, Geneva.##25-   WHO, (2006b), Guidelines for the Safe use of wastewater, excreta and greywater Policy and regulatory aspects, Vol. 1. World Health Organization, Geneva.##The Social Acceptance of Product Which Have Been Irrigated With Filtered Sewage in South of Tehran Srovince##Mohamad Reze Sasouli1*, Saeid Yazdani2, Seyed Safdar Hosseini3, and Iraj Saleh4##1, 2, 3, 4,  PhD. Student, Professors, and Associate Professor, Agricultural Economics, University of Tehran##(Received: May. 7, 2013- Accepted: Oct. 21, 2013)##For social and cultural condition of country using weakest and returned water in different uses especially in agricultural consumption is not public as well is faced social opposition. In this study, it is tried to investigate several products in different levels of consumption according to consumer’s views who reside in Tehran by mean of willingness to use concept. Data are collected in 2012 in Tehran province. Finding show that by increasing the consumers’ trust to sewage filtering process,  using the salvage word instead of sewage giving information, and decreasing the hygienic anxiety, the willingness to use the agricultural products irrigated with filtered sewage will raise. Furthermore, the result show that consumers will to pay for products including tomato, vegetable, bread and meet produced by using filtered sewage in turn 78.71, 76.97, 59.5, and 65.4 percent of the price of the same products gained by using the health water.##Key words: Social Acceptance, Willingness to Use, South of Tehran, Filtered Sewage##

0 انتقال عمودی قیمت و تعدیلات غیر خطی قیمت‌ها در بازار گوشت گوساله (مورد مطالعه: استان آذربایجان شرقی) Vertical price transmission and non-linear price adjustments in the beef market of East Azarbaijan province https://ijaedr.ut.ac.ir/article_54475.html 10.22059/ijaedr.2015.54475 0       مطالعة حاضر چگونگی انتقال قیمت بین سطوح خرده­فروشی و سرمزرعة گوشت گوساله را در استان آذربایجان­شرقی با استفاده از قیمت­های هفتگی در دورة زمانی فروردین 1377 تا اسفند 1390 بررسی می‌کند. در این زمینه، به‌منظور بهره‌بردن از مزایای مدل­های چندمتغیره، مدل TVECM دورژیمة هانسن و سئو (2002) برای بررسی مکانیزم انتقال قیمت با برآوردگرهای حداکثر راستنمایی محاسبه شد. مطابق نتایج آزمون ریشه واحد ADF و PP، هر دو سری قیمت خرده­فروشی و سرمزرعه انباشته از درجة یک هستند و نتایج آزمون همجمعی یوهانسن مبین همجمعی بین دو سری قیمت است. در گام بعدی، نتایج آزمون Sup-LM هانسن و سئو (2002) وجود رابطة همجمعی غیر خطی بین دو متغیر را اثبات کرد. درنهایت، مطابق نتایج برآورد ضرایب تصحیح خطا در مدل TVECM دورژیمه، انتقال قیمت ­تقارن نداشت و هر دو قیمت سرمزرعه و خرده­فروشی، به شوک­های مثبت واکنش بیشتری نشان می­دهند. به‌ویژه خرده­فروشان سریع­تر از دامداران قیمت را در اثر افزایش قیمت دیگری بالا می­برند، درحالی‌که دامداران هنگام کاهش قیمت در یک سمت بازار سریع­تر واکنش نشان می­دهند. 1 This study considers the price transmission mechanism between farm and retail levels of beef market in East Azerbaijan with weekly prices over 1377:1 to 1390:52 periods. To this end, using advantages of multivariate models, Hansen- Seo (2002)'s two- regime Threshold Vector Error Correction Model (TVECM) was estimated by the maximum likelihood approach for evaluate the price transmission mechanism. Results of ADF and PP unit root tests show that both farm and retail prices are integrated in order 1 and the results of Johansson co-integration test suggests that there is a long- run relationship between the two series of price. In the next step, the result of Sup-LM test indicates that there is non-linear co-integration relation between two variables. Finally, based on the results of estimated error correction coefficients in TVECM, the price transmission has asymmetry behavior and both of the retail and farm prices response to positive shocks more than negative, especially retailers increase prices more fast than the farmers when the other prices increase. By declining the price in one level of the market, farmers would be response more quick than the retailers. 13 20 محمد قهرمان زاده Mohammad Ghahremanzadeh استادیار گروه اقتصاد کشاورزی دانشکدة کشاورزی، دانشگاه تبریز ایران ghahremanzadeh@tabrizu.ac.ir فاطمه یاوری Fateme Yavari کارشناس ارشد اقتصاد کشاورزی دانشکدة کشاورزی، دانشگاه تبریز ایران yavari@mailinator.com قادر دشتی Ghader Dashti دانشیار گروه اقتصاد کشاورزی دانشکدة کشاورزی، دانشگاه تبریز ایران dashti@mailintor.com انتقال قیمت تعدیلات غیر خطی رهیافت هانسن و سئو مدل تصحیح- خطایی آستانه‌ای 1-      Balk, N. S. & Fomby, T.B. 1997. Threshold cointegration. International Economic Review, 38: 627-45##2-      Ben-Kaabia, J. & Gil, M. 2007. Asymmetric price transmission in the Spanish lamb sector. European Review of Agricultural Economics, 34: 53-80.##3-      Ben-Kaabia, J., Gil, J.M. & Ameur, M. 2005. Vertical integration and non-linear price adjustments: the Spanish poultry sector. Agribusiness, 21(2): 253-271.##4-      Chang, P.J. Threshold cointegration and threshold dynamics. Ph. D dissertation, Iowa State University of US, 2003##5-      Falsafian, A., Yazdani, S & Moghaddasi, R. 2010. Analyzing vertical price transmission in the Iran Mutton Market. World Applied Sciences Journal, 10(7): 791-796.##6-      Goodwin, B.K. & Piggott, N.E. 2001. Spatial market integration in the presence of threshold effects. American Journal of Agricultural Economics. 83, 170-302.##7-      Hansen, B. E. & Seo, B. 2002. Testing for two-regime threshold cointegration in vector error-correction models. Journal of Econometrics 110, 293 – 318.##8-      Hassouneh, I., Serra, T. & Gil, M. 2009. Price transmission in the Spanish bovine sector: the BSE effect. Agricultural Economics, 41: 33-42.##9-      Hosseini, S. & Dourandish, A. 2006. Analyzing model of Iranian Pistachio Price Transmission pattern in the World Market. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Science, 37-2(1). (In Farsi).##10-  Hosseini, S. & Ghahremanzadeh, M. 2006. Asymmetric adjustment and price transmission in the Iran's meat market.  Agriculture Economics and Development, 2, 1-22. (In Farsi).##11-  Lo, C. & Zivot, E. 2001. Threshold cointegration and nonlinear adjustment to the law of one price. Macroeconomic Dynamics, 5:533-576##12-  Meyer J. & Von Cramon-Taubadel, S. 2002. Asymmetric price transmission: A Survey. Journal of Agricultural Economics. 55: 581-611.##13-  Meyer J. 2003. Measuring market integration in the presence of transaction costs: A threshold vector error correction approach. Contributed paper selected for presentation at the 25th International conference of Agricultural Economists, 1109-1116.##14-  Ministry of Jihade-Agriculture. (2011). Available in www.agri-jahad.org (In Farsi).##15-  Nikoukar, A., Hosseini, S. & Dourandish, A. (2010). Price transmission model for Iranian beef industry. Journal of Economics and Development, 24 (1), 23-32. (In Farsi).##16-  Peltzman, S. 2000. Price Rise Faster than They Fall. Journal of Political Economy 108, 466-502.##17-  State Livestock Affairs Logistics. (2011). Available in www. Iranslal.com (In Farsi).##18-  Von Cramon-Taubadel, S. & Fahlbusch, S. 1994. Identifying asymmetric price transmission with error correction models. Poster Session EAAE European Seminar in Reading.##

0 تحلیل عوامل پیش ‏برنده طرح یکپارچه‏ سازی اراضی از دیدگاه کشاورزان استان فارس Analyses the influenced factors of the rejection of land integration (Case study: Fars province) https://ijaedr.ut.ac.ir/article_54476.html 10.22059/ijaedr.2015.54476 0 پراکندگی و قطعه‌‌قطعه‌بودن اراضی کشاورزی یکی از موانع جدی توسعة ­کشاورزی محسوب می­شود، به‌طوری­که کوچکی و پراکندگی اراضی مانعی در استفادة بهینه از آب، زمین، نیروی ­انسانی، مکانیزاسیون و دیگر عوامل مؤثر در تولید کشاورزی است. این وضعیت در بیشتر مناطق کشور ما نیز مشاهده می‏شود و به یکی از مهم‌ترین چالش­های توسعة کشاورزی کشور تبدیل شده است. به‌این‌منظور، یکی از سیاست­های توسعة کشاورزی در سال‌های گذشته یکپارچه‌‌سازی اراضی کشاورزی است. با توجه به اهمیت موضوع، هدف اصلی پژوهش حاضر تحلیل عوامل پیش‏برندة طرح یکپارچه‏سازی اراضی از دیدگاه کشاورزان است. جامعة ­آماری پژوهش شامل تمام کشاورزان استان فارس بود (N=215400). حجم نمونه براساس فرمول کوکران 250 نفر تعیین شد که به روش نمونه‏گیری طبقه‏ای تصادفی با انتساب متناسب انتخاب شدند. پس از جمع‌آوری داده­های مورد نیاز از طریق پرسشنامه، روایی ظاهری و محتوایی پرسشنامه براساس نظر استادان و متخصصان مربوطه تأیید شد و پایایی آن نیز براساس آلفای کرونباخ (83/0) تأیید شد. برای تجزیه و تحلیل داده­ها از نرم­افزار آماریSPSS  استفاده شد. نتایج تحلیل عاملی نشان داد پنج عامل دولتی- زیربنایی، اقتصادی- حمایتی، زراعی، فردی– اجتماعی، آموزشی، حدود 99/67 درصد واریانس کل عوامل پیش­برندة طرح یکپارچه­سازی اراضی را در استان فارس تبیین می‌کنند که ارائة تسهیلات اعتباری به کشاورزان برای ایجاد انگیزه، جلب اعتماد رهبران محلی، اتخاذ قوانین کافی در باب یکپارچه‏سازی اراضی و اصلاح و بازنگری قوانین به‌ویژه قانون ارث و برگزاری کلاس‌های آموزشی در زمینة یکپارچه‌سازی اراضی از مهم‌ترین پیشنهادهای این پژوهش برای توسعة اجرای طرح یکپارچه‏سازی اراضی هستند. 1 Dispersion and separated of agricultural lands are considered as the serious barriers of agriculture development. The smallest and distributed oflands are obstacle in the efficient use of water, land, labor, mechanization and other factors in agriculture production. The main purpose of this article is analyse the influenced factors of the rejection of land integration. The statistical population of the study includes farmers in Fars province. According to Cochran’s formula, 250 farmers were selected as statistical sample by using multi-stage sampling method. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by some subject matter specialists. The reliability of instrument was calculated by using Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient (0.83). SPSS software was used to analyze data. 21 34 صالح حقیقت Saleh Haghighat دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد مدیریت کشاورزی دانشکدة اقتصاد و توسعة کشاورزی، دانشگاه تهران ایران salehhaghight2000@gmail.com هوشنگ ایروانی Hooshang Iravani استاد گروه مدیریت و توسعة کشاورزی دانشکدة اقتصاد و توسعة کشاورزی، دانشگاه تهران ایران iravani@ut.ac.ir خلیل کلانتری Khalil Kalantari استاد گروه مدیریت و توسعة کشاورزی دانشکدة اقتصاد و توسعة کشاورزی، دانشگاه تهران ایران khkalan@ut.ac.ir ابراهیم مهدوی Ebrahim Mahdavi دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد توسعة کشاورزی دانشکدة اقتصاد و توسعة کشاورزی، دانشگاه تهران ایران mahdavi1389@gmail.com سیدعلیرضا قدیمی Seyd Alireza Ghadimi دانشجوی دکتری توسعة کشاورزی دانشگاه رازی کرمانشاه ایران alighadimi2011@gmail.com استان فارس پراکندگی اراضی توسعة کشاورزی یکپارچه سازی اراضی Abdollah zadeh, G. (2005). Analysis of factors affecting agricultural land and develop appropriate strategies to organize their Khrdshdn components (Case Study: Village Ramjrdyk Marvdasht city), M.Sc. Thesis, Faculty of Economics and Agricultural Development, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Tehran University.(In Farsi)##Abdollahzadeh, G. & Kalantari, Kh. (2006). Analysis of factors affecting the dispersal and distribution of agricultural lands. Journal of Agricultural, 8(1), 33-45. (In Farsi)##Agarwal, S. K. (1971).  Economics of Land consolidation in India. New Delhi: S. Chand.##Amini, A. , Ahmadi, A. , & Papzan, A. (2007). Investigation and comparison of reasons for Farmers Disagreement with Land Consolidation Projects in Kermanshah and Lenjanat Region in Isfahan . JWSS - Isfahan University of Technology.11 (41) :417-432 (In Farsi)##Amirnejad, H. (1999). Integration of land use policy impacts on rice production, case study basin lie. Thesis Agricultural Economics, College of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modarres University. (In Farsi)##Amirnejad, H. & Rafei, H. (2009). Economic and financial integration of rural areas lie in the plains of Mazandaran. Journal of Rural Development, 12(4), 99-123. (In Farsi)##Arsalan bod, M. & Esmaeil pour, A. (2000). Small impact on costs of production and distribution units, (Case study of irrigated wheat in the West), Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development, 8(30), 109. (In Farsi)##Ashkar ahangar kalaie, M. Asadpour, H. & Alipour, A. (2006). Attitudes of farmers to plan for integration of paddy Mazandaran (Case Study: Village city Glyrd stream), Agricultural Economics and Development, 14(55), 135-153. (In Farsi)##Backman, M. (2002), Rural development by land consolidation in Sweden”. Paper presented at FIG XXII International Congress, Session II-Land Consolidation and Rural Development. Washington, D. C., April 19-26.  ##Crecente, R., Alvarez, C., & Fra, U. (2002). Economic, social and environmental impact ofland consolidation in Galicia. Land Use Policy 19 (2002), 135–147. ##Dijk Van, T.(2002)"Central European land fragmentation in the years to come: a scenario study into the future need for land consolidation in central Europe". Paper presented at FIG XXII International Congress,Session IV-Land Consolidation in Europe. Washington,D.C.,April 19-26.##Eftekhari, A. (1992). The process of integration of agricultural land and rural  development; University PhD dissertation period. (In Farsi)##Eftekhari, A. (2003). Agricultural Development (concepts, principles, methods, planning the integration of agricultural land), Samt Publications, Tehran. (In Farsi)##FAO.(2003).The Design of Land Consolidation Pilot Projects in Central and Eastern Europe, Rome.##Gergievski, K.(2005) Land consolidation as one of the modes for the enlargement of agricultural land in Macedonia. Journal of Central European Agriculture, Vol. 6, No. 4,562-574.##Gonzales Garcia, I. (2007),"Land consolidation in Spain: the land registry perspective. Effective and sustainable land management- A permanent challenge for each society". UNECE WPLA Workshop, Session III-Social and Constitutional Dimension of Land Management, Munich, May 24-25.##Haghighat, M. (2012).  Analyzing the status of land and crop farming consolidation in the Fars province, M.Sc. Thesis, Faculty of Economics and Agricultural Development, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Tehran University.(In Farsi)##Institute for Indian Estate Planning (2007),"Indian land consolidation with technical amendments incorporated". Available on: htpp://www.indianwills.org.##Jahandost, M. (1995). Management unit with integrated ¬ agricultural lands, jihad Magazine, 172-173, Tehran.(In Farsi)##Kalantari, K. Hoseini, M. & Abdollah zadeh, Gh. (2005). Reorganization and integration oagricultural land use practices in Eastern Europe. Journal of Rural Development 8(3), 67-104. (In Farsi)##Kopeva, D., Noev, N., & Evtimov, V. (2002). Land Fragmentation and Options for Land Consolidation in Bulgaria. Paper presented at the Munich Conference of the Land Fragmentation and Land Consolidation in CEEC, a gate towards sustainable rural development in the new millennium Rome.##Man, S.W. (1959). Scope for consolidation, of Holdings & Soil Conservation & Its Effect on Agricultural Production, Indian Journal of Agricultural Economic, Vol. 14, No. 3.##Meha, M. (2004), Land Consolidation in Kosovo and Impact on Rural Development, cadastral Agency Archive Building in pristine, Kosovo.##Mirdorikvand, A. (2007). Integration of agricultural land and its effect on productivity, Agriculture Organization of Lorestan province. (In Farsi)##Ministry of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Environment.(2010). Department of Land  Consolidation. Retrieved from.##Molen, P., Lemmen, C., & Uimonen, M. (2005). Modern land consolidation. 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(2002), “Fundamentals of land consolidation as an instrument to abolish fragmentation of agricultural holdings”. Paper presented.##Taghvaei, M. (1997). When you compare - Spatial fragmentation and dispersion factors  in crop lands, and the integration, Journal of Literature and Humanities University Eafahan, 9. (In Farsi)##Tavasoli, M. (1999). Tasyrmlyat of new equipment and modernization and integration of land in the province Brmlkrd traditional paddy rice production, Master thesis in public administration training center in the northern region. (In Farsi)##Thapa, G. B., & Niroula, G. S.(2008). Alternative options of land consolidation in the mountains of Nepal: An analysis based on stakeholders’ opinions. Land Use Policy. 25(2008), 338–350.##Todorova, S. A. and Lulcheva, D. (2005), "Economic and social effects of land fragment on Bulgarian agriculture". Journal of Central European Agriculture, Vol. 6, No. 4, pp. 555-562.##Thomas, J. (2006), "What’s on regarding land consolidation in Europe?”. Paper presented at XXIII FIG International Congress, Shaping the Change. TS 80- Land Consolidation in Germany. Munich, October 8-13.##Tovmassyan, S. (2001). The development of rural communites and land administration problems. Wpla. WorkshopYerevan, Armenia.##Vosooghi, M. (1985). Preliminary Report: Evaluation of economic problems, social fragmentation caused by conventional agriculture in terms of unit Alice city (Markazi  Province), Tehran University, Institute of Social Studies Faculty of Social Sciences: Tehran. (In Farsi)##Vosoghi, M. (2003). Integration of land: a successful experience in public projects but  in the context of indigenous knowledge. Journal of Social Sciences, 11(2), 35-65. (In Farsi)##Vosoghi, M. & Faraji, F. (2006). Research in the field of sociological factors affecting  farmers' willingness to participate in the integration farm lands (Case study: the  villages of Zarrin dasht). 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0 بررسی و تحلیل میزان به کارگیری عملیات مقابله با خشکسالی توسط کشاورزان شهرستان طارم علیا Investigating and analysing of the extent of applying drought control measures by farmers of Tarom Olia county https://ijaedr.ut.ac.ir/article_54477.html 10.22059/ijaedr.2015.54477 0 تحقیق حاضر با هدف بررسی و تحلیل میزان به‌کارگیری عملیات مقابله با خشکسالی در زمان وقوع آن توسط کشاورزان شهرستان طارم علیا واقع در استان زنجان انجام گرفت. این تحقیق از نوع توصیفی- همبستگی است و جامعة آماری آن را تمام کشاورزان شهرستان طارم علیا تشکیل می‌دهند. نمونه‌گیری نیز به روش تصادفی طبقه‌ای با انتساب متناسب انجام گرفت و به‌منظور سنجش میزان پایایی ابزار تحقیق از آمارة آلفای کرونباخ استفاده شد و مقدار آن برای مقیاس پرسشنامه 908/0 به‌دست آمد که بیانگر قابلیت اعتماد مناسب این مقیاس‌ها برای سنجش مقیاس اصلی تحقیق است. برای تجزیه و تحلیل داده‌ها از نرم‌افزار spss استفاده شد. آنالیز اطلاعات نشان می‌دهد به‌ترتیب «استفاده از لوله برای انتقال آب به مزرعه»، «استفاده از منابع آب زیرزمینی» و «بیمة مزارع علیه خشکسالی» در اولویت اول تا سوم به‌کارگیری عملیات مقابله با خشکسالی قرار دارند. همچنین، بین میزان به‌کارگیری عملیات مقابله با خشکسالی با متغیرهای میزان شرکت در کارگاه‌های آموزشی، دوره‌های آموزشی و بازدیدهای ترویجی رابطة مثبت و معنی‌داری وجود دارد که می‌توان با ارائة آموزش‌های لازم در قالب برنامه‌های آموزشی، توان مقابلة کشاورزان را با خشکسالی افزایش داد. 1 The present study aims to examine and analyze the extent of applying drought control measures by farmers of the country of Tarom Olia in Zanjan province. This was a descriptive correlational study conducted through survey method. The statistical population consisted of all farmers activating in Tarom Olya (N=12000) out of which 375 people were selected as samples. The proportionate stratified random sampling technique was used to reach the respondents. In order to measure the reliability of the main scale of the questionnaire, Cronbach's alpha procedure was used. The co-efficient was equal to 0.908 indicated an appropriate reliability of the tool of study. For the analysis of data, both the descriptive and inferential statistics methods were used in SPSS software. Data analyzing indicated that the respondents perceived the first three measures for drought control as follows: "the use of pipes for transferring water to farm," "The use of underground water resources" and "crop insurance against drought". In addition, there was significant positive correlation between the extent of applying drought control measures with workshop participation, taking part in training courses and extension visit. The study found that farmer’s abilities for drought control can be improved through educational programs. 35 42 فاطمه جعفری Fatemeh Jafari دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد مدیریت کشاورزی دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد ابهر ایران fatima.aria@gmail.com حسین شعبانعلی فمی Hussein Shabanali Fami دانشیار دانشکدة اقتصاد و توسعة کشاورزی، دانشگاه تهران ایران hfami@ut.ac.ir ژیلا دانشور عامری Gila Daneshvar Ameri استادیار دانشکدة اقتصاد و توسعة کشاورزی، دانشگاه تهران ایران jdanesh@ut.ac.ir خشکسالی شهرستان طارم علیا عملیات مقابله کشاورزان 1-       Haghaieghi Moghaddam, A., (2005), Increase soil moisture storage techniques whit using super absorbents in order to increase the efficiency of agricultural water, National Committee on Irrigation and Drainage, Technical workshop on Mechanized Surface Irrigation(In Farsi).##2-       Heidari, N., (2006), Management and sustainable utilization of water in Irrigation networks watershed With water stress: Case study of the Esfahan province Zaiandeh Rood water network, Management Technical workshop; Operation and maintenance of irrigation and drainage networks(In Farsi). ##3-       Kapoor, S. & Ojha, R.K., (2006), Vulnerability in Rural Areas: Potential Demand for Microinsurance, International Journal of  Rural Management, 2(1): PP. 64-83.##4-       Knutson, G.L., Blomstedt, M.L. & Slaughter, K., (2001), Result of a Rapid Appraisal Study: Agricultural Producers Perceptions of Drought Vulnerability and Mitigation-Howard Country, Nebraska.##5-       Saleh, E., Mokhtari, D., (2007), Social and economic implications of drought on rural households in Sistan, Journal of Agricultural Extension and Education, 3(1), 99-114(In Farsi).##6-       Shantz, H.L. (1927), Drought resistance and soil moisture, Ecological journal., (8), 145-157.##7-       Sharafi, L., & Zar Afshani, K., (2010), The farmers economic and social vulnerability measuring in drought; a case study of wheat farmers in Kermanshah, Sahneh and Ravansar Counties, Journal of Rural Studies, (4), 129-154(In Farsi).##8-       Shokri, M., Hoseini, M., & Moghaddas Farimani, Sh., (2007), investigation of environmental, economic and social - psychological drought impacts and farmers’s Some characteristics with The Above consequences in agricultural section in Systan-Baloochestan province, Proceedings of first Congress for consistent with dehydration, pp23-26(In Farsi).##9-             Tallaksen, L. M. ; van Lanen, H. A. J, (2004), Hydrological drought:Processes and  estimation methods for streamflow and groundwater,  Amsterdam, Netherlands.##10-   Tarom-e Olia development outlook, (2007). (In Farsi)##11-   Thomas, R.J., (2008), Opportunities to Reduce the Vulnerability of Dryland Farmers in Central and West Asia and North Africa to Climate change, Journal of Agricultural Ecosystems &Environment, (126), 36-45.##12-   Vasquez-Leon, M., West, C. and Finan, T., (2003), A Comparative Assessment of Climate Vulnerability: Agriculture and Ranching on both Sides of US-Mexico Border, Global Environmental Change, (13), 159-173.##13-   Zanjan province management and planning organization, (2002), Cause the inefficient use of water in agriculture, Publication No. 251, pp 135. (In Farsi)##

0 بررسی مشکلات شرکت‏ های خدمات مشاوره ‏ای، فنی و مهندسی کشاورزی از دیدگاه مدیران عامل شرکت‌ها (مورد مطالعه: استان قزوین) Problems of agricultural engineering and technical advisory services companies, from viewpoints of companies administrators (Case study: Qazvin Province) https://ijaedr.ut.ac.ir/article_54478.html 10.22059/ijaedr.2015.54478 0 اثربخشی و موفقیت شرکت‏های خدمات مشاوره‏ای کشاورزی در گرو شناسایی مستمر مشکلات پیش ­رو و تلاش در راستای رفع آن‏هاست. از این­رو، تحقیق حاضر با هدف بررسی مشکلات شرکت‏های خدمات مشاوره‏ای، فنی و مهندسی کشاورزی انجام گرفت. جامعة آماری تحقیق شامل مدیران عامل شرکت‏های خدمات مشاوره‏ای، فنی و مهندسی کشاورزی استان قزوین (90N=) است که تمام‌شماری انجام گرفت. ابزار اصلی این تحقیق پرسشنامه است که روایی آن براساس نظرخواهی از تعدادی استادان و صاحب‌نظران در این زمینه تنظیم شد. برای تعیین پایایی ابزار تحقیق از آزمون مقدماتی استفاده شد که آلفای کرونباخ محاسبه‌شده (83/0) مبین اعتبار مناسب برای گردآوری داده‏هاست. برای تحلیل داده‌ها از نرم‌افزار آماری SPSS نسخة 5/11 استفاده شد. یافته‌های تحقیق نشان داد از دیدگاه مدیران، درآمد ناکافی، نهادینه‌نشدن بخش خصوصی در بخش‏‏های مختلف و نبودن ثبات و امنیت شغلی به­ترتیب مهم‌ترین مشکلات شرکت‌های خدمات مشاوره‏ای بودند. با استفاده از تحلیل عاملی مشکلات شرکت‌های خدمات مشاوره‏ای در قالب چهار عامل دسته‌بندی شدند. این عوامل به‌ترتیب عبارتند از: خدمات حمایتی و مالی، سازمانی، آموزشی و فرهنگی که درمجموع 41/65 درصد از کل واریانس را تبیین می‌کنند. 1 Effectiveness and success of agricultural advisory services companies happen by continuing studies on the problems and then, eliminating them. The purpose of this research was to study problems of agricultural engineering and technical advisory services companies. The statistical population of this study included administrators of agricultural engineering and technical advisory services companies in Qazvin Province (N=90). Questionnaires were sent to all the participants picked up by means of census method. Questionnaire was used to collect the data. Reliability and validity of instrument was determined through opinions of faculty members and application of Cronbach’s Alpha (0.83). The findings showed that the most important problems of consultancy services companies were inadequate income, not institutionalized of the private sector in different sectors and levels, and lack of job security. Factor analysis showed that problems of consultancy services companies could be classified in four categories including financial and supportive services, organizational, educational and cultural covered 65.41 percent of variance. 43 50 ناهید شویکلو Nahid Shaviklo کارشناس ارشد ترویج کشاورزی، دانشکده اقتصاد و توسعه کشاورزی، دانشگاه تهران ایران nahid.shaviklo@gmail.com سید محمود حسینی Seyed Mahmood Hosseini دانشیار و عضو هیئت علمی دانشکدة اقتصاد و توسعة کشاورزی، دانشگاه تهران ایران hoseinim@ut.ac.ir مهتاب پورآتشی Mahtab Pouratashi دانشجوی دکتری آموزش کشاورزی دانشکدة اقتصاد و توسعة کشاورزی، دانشگاه تهران ایران mah.pouratashi@gmail.com استان قزوین خدمات حمایتی و مالی شرکت‏های خدمات مشاوره‏ای فنی و مهندسی کشاورزی مدیران مشکلات Anderson, J.R. & Feder, G. (2004) Agricultural extension: Good intentions and hard realities, World Bank Research Observer, 19(1): 41-60.##Anderson, R.J. (2007). Agricultural advisory services. A background paper for innovating through science and technology, Chapter 7 of the WDR 2008.##Barnet, J., Johnson, E. & Verma, S. )1999(. Effectiveness of extension cotton advisory committees. Journal of extension, 37: (6)24-29.##Benin, S., Nkonya, E. Okecho, G. Pender, J. Nahdy, S. Mugarura, S. Kato, E. & Kayobyo, G. (2007). Assessing the impact of the national agricultural advisory services (NAADS) in the Uganda rural livelihoods. The International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), Discussion Paper 00724.##Chapman, R. & Tripp, R. (2003). Changing incentives for agricultural extension – a review of privatised extension in practice. Agricultural research and extension networks. Network Paper No. 132.##Chipeta, S. (2006). Demand driven agricultural services. Swiss Center for Agricultural Extension and Rural Development advisory: Neuchatel Group.##Ebrahimi, A., Saadi, H., & Dadashpour, A.A. (2006). Creation and support of private agricultural technical and consultancy services private network. Agricultural And natural Resources Engineering Organization. Tehran, Iran. (In Farsi)##Espallardo, M., Arcas Lario, N. & Tantius, P. (2009). Farmers satisfaction and intention to continue as members of agricultural marketing Co-operatives: A test of the neoclassical and transaction costs theories.  Presented at the 113th EAAE seminar on resilientEuropean food industry and food chain in achallenging world, Greece.##Fe'li, S., PezeshkiRad, Gh., & Chizari, M. (2007). Effectiveness of advisory services given to wheat producer farmers through wheat farms’ advisors in Tehran Province. Iranian Agricultural Extension and Education Journal, 3(1), 73-81. (In Farsi).##Ghiasi, F., Hosseini, J.F. & Hosseini, S.M. (2007). Factors affecting the performance of the agricultural advisors in increasing production of the wheat self sufficiency plan (WSP) in Qazvin Province. Iranian Agricultural Extension and Education Journal, 3(2), 31-43. (In Farsi).##Hanson, J. & Richard, J. (2004). Working paper 2003-2004, Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland.##Hosseini, S.M.  & Sharifzaheh, A. (2007). Development scenarios on agricultural extension: Searching a new paradigm. Karaj: Agricultural Education. (In Farsi)##Hosseini, S.M. (1996). New global trends of privatization and price adjustment of agricultural extension. Proceedings of scientific seminar on Fisheries, animal, and natural resources extension. Karaj, 1996. (In Farsi)##Johnson, M. (2001). Evolution and future of national customer's satisfaction index models. Journalof Economics Psychology, 22(2): 217-245.##Owens, T., Hoddinott, J. & Kinsey, B. (2001). The impact of agriculture extension on farm production in resettlement areas of Zimbabve. Working paper N. 144. Centre for the Study of African Economies.##Rasouliazar, S., Fe'li, S., & PezeshkiRad, Gh. (2010). Effectiveness of advisory services given to wheat producer farmers through wheat farms’ advisors in West Azerbaijan Province. Agricultural Sciences, 4(14), 65-79. (In Farsi).##Rasouliazar, S., Hosseini, S.M., Hosseini, J.F., & Mirdamadi, S.M. (2011). The Investigation perception of Agricultural Extension Agents about affective factors on effectiveness of Agricultural Advisory Services Companies in Iran. Journal of American Science, 7(2):445-451##Sadighi, S. & Nikdokht, R. (2005). A study on wheat farms engineers (from the viewpoint of effectiveness and train of wheat engineers). Quarterly Journal of Agriculture & Natural Resources Engineering, 3(9), 44-51. (In Farsi).##Sangweni, S. (2008). Citizen satisfaction survey: provincial agricultural services. Public services commission, custodian of governance.##Smith, M. & Munoz, G. (2002). Irrigation advisory services for effective water use: a review of experiences. Workshop on Irrigation Advisory Services and ParticipatoryExtension in Irrigation Management, FAOICID. 24th July، Montreal.##Sundberg, J. (2005). Systems of innovation theory and the changing architecture of agricultural research in Africa. Journal of Food Policy, 30(1): 21-41.##Zarafshani, K., Alibeygi, A.H., Ranjbar, Z. & Soleimani, A. (2011). Assessing farmers’ expects from members of agricultural engineering technical consultancy services companies (case study: EslamAbde- Gharb County). Rural Research, 2(3): 125-144 (In Farsi).##

0 کاربرد تحلیل پوششی داده ها برای تعیین کارایی پسته کاران شهرستان سیرجان Data envelopment analysis method usage for efficiency determination of pistachio growers in Sirjan https://ijaedr.ut.ac.ir/article_54479.html 10.22059/ijaedr.2015.54479 0       ایران یکی از عمده­ترین تولیدکنندگان پسته در جهان و استان کرمان بزرگ‌ترین تولیدکنندة پستة کشور و شهرستان سیرجان یکی از مهم‌ترین مناطق تولید پستة استان کرمان است. بررسی وضعیت کارایی پسته­کاران و کوشش در راستای بهبود کارایی آنان و استفادة بهینه از منابع در تولید محصول پسته اهمیت ویژه‌ای دارد. این تحقیق با هدف تعیین کارایی فنی، تخصیصی، اقتصادی، مدیریتی و مقیاس پسته­کاران انجام گرفت. 197 نفر از پسته­کاران این شهرستان با استفاده از روش نمونه­گیری تصادفی ساده انتخاب شدند وداده­های مورد نیاز از طریق تکمیل پرسشنامه برایسال زراعی 1390 و 1391 گردآوری شد. کارایی پسته­کاران با استفاده از روش تحلیل پوششی داده­ها محاسبه شد. نتایج نشان داد میانگین کارایی فنی 47 درصد، میانگین کارایی مدیریت 69 درصد، میانگین کارایی مقیاس 67 درصد، میانگین کارایی تخصیصی 24 درصد و میانگین کارایی اقتصادی 12 درصد است. همچنین، تمام نهاده­ها بیش از حد بهینه استفاده شدند و بیشترین میزان مصرف نابهینه مربوط به کود شیمیایی و آب است. با آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی در راستای استفادة بهینه از نهاده­های تولید و کاهش مصرف نهاده­ها می­توان میزان کارایی را افزایش داد. 1 Iran isone of the main pistachiogrowersinthe world. Kerman province is the largest grower of pistachio and Sirjan is one of the most important pistachio production areas of Kerman province. It is important to the study of efficiency status of pistachio growers and improvetheir efficiency and optimum use of resources in the production. The purpose of this study was to determinationtechnical efficiency,allocative efficiency, economic efficiency, managerial efficiency and scale efficiency of pistachio growers. 197 pistachio farmers were randomly selected as sampls. Necessary information getting from the questionnaires was filled out for the years 2011 and 2012. Efficiency of pistachio growers was calculated using Data Envelopment Analysis Method (DEA). Theresults show the 47% average technical efficiency, 69% average managerial efficiency, 67% average scale efficiency, 24% average allocative efficiency and 12 average economic efficiency. With education and agricultural extension in order tothe optimal use of inputs, reducing the consumption of inputs can increase the efficiency. 51 60 نسرین اوحدی Nasrin Ohadi کارشناس ارشد اقتصاد کشاورزی ایران nasrin.ohadi@yahoo.com احمد اکبری Ahmad Akbari استاد اقتصاد کشاورزی، دانشگاه سیستان و بلوچستان ایران akbariusb@yahoo.com جواد شهرکی Javad Shahraki استادیار اقتصاد، دانشگاه سیستان و بلوچستان ایران j.shahraki@eco.usb.ac.ir پسته تحلیل پوششی داده ها سیرجان کارایی 1. Banker, R.D., Charnes, A. & Cooper, W.W. (1984). Some models for estimating technical and scale efficienceies in data envelopment analysis. Management Science, 30, 1078.                                                                                                                         ##2. Charnes, A., Cooper, W.W. & Rhodes,  E.(1978).  Measuring the efficiency of decision making unit.  Europen Journal of Operation Research,2 ,429-444.##3. Cochran, W.G. (1977). Sampling techniques,(3rdEd),New York, Willey.##4. Coelli, T., Rao D.S.P.& Battese G.E.(2002). An introduction to efficiency and productivity analysis. Kluwer Academic Publisher U.S.Asixth priting, 132-166.## 5. Cooper, W., Seiford  L.M.& Tone K.(2000). Data envelopment analysis:a comprehensive text with  models, applications, reference and DEA-Solver software. The Netherlands, Kluwer Academic Publishers.## 6. Emami Meybodi, A. (2000). Measurement principles of efficiency and productivity ,Institue of studies and planning researches.(In Farsi)##7. Eslami,M. & Mahmudi, A. (2005). Estimation efficiency and returns to scale of pomegranate producers (Case Study: Yazd Province). Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development, 13, 239-256.(In Faesi)##8. Farrell, M. J.(1957). The measurement of productive efficiency.  Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, 120,253-281.##9. FAO, FAO  STAT .(2009).##10. FAO, FAO  STAT .(2010).##11. Hajiani, P., KHalilian, S., Abrishami,H. & Peikani, GH.(2005). Study of technical efficiency of shrimp fishing fleet of Persian Gulf (Case Study: Boshehr Province). Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development, 13, 201-226.(In Faesi) ##12. Ismat, A.B.,  Buysse,  J.,  Jahangir, A.M. & Van Huylenbroeck  G.(2009). An application of Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) to Evaluate Economic Efficiency of Poultry Farms in Bangladesh. International Association of Agricultural Economists Conference, Beijing, China, 16-22 August.2009.##13. Management Sirjan city of Agriculture Jihad, Adjutancy  of Horticulture’s Department. (2012).##14. Ministry of Agriculture, Statistical annuals. (2008).##15. Mirzaei Khalilabadi, H & Chizari, A.H. (2004). Determination of irrigation water consumption in pistachio production (A case study of Rafsanjan province). Pajouhesh & Sazandegi,62, 43-49. (In Faesi)##16. Moazeni, S.S. & Karbasi, A.R.(2008). Measuring different efficient with data envelopment analysis, Case study: Pistachio producers in Zarand, Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development, 61, 1-16. ( In Farsi) ##17. Najafi, B.A &  Abdolahi Ezatabadi, M .(1997). Examine the technical efficiency of Rafsanjan Pistachio Growers. Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development,5(17).(In Farsi)##18. .Nambiro, E., Chianu, J. & Murage A.(2010). The association of agricultural information services and technical efficiency among maize producers in Kakamega, western Kenya p.1-23. 3rd African Association of Agricultural Economists (AAAE) and 48th Agricultural Economists Association of South Africa (AEASA) Conference, Cape Town, South Africa, 19-23 September. 2010.##19. Nguyen, K. M. & Giang, T. L.(2009). Efficiency estimates for the agricultural production in Vietnam: A comparison of parametric and no-parametric approaches. agricultural economics Review, 2,62-78.##20. Ohadi,N. (2012). Pistachio Growers efficiency Sirjan city. M.Sc Thesis. University of Sistan and Baluchestan, School of Economics. (In Farsi)##21. Rhodes E. L.(1987). Data envelopment analysis and related approaches for measuring the efficiency of decision-making units with an application to program follow through in U.S education, unpulished P.H.D thesis Carnegie Melon University. school of urban and public affairs. pittsburgh, PA.                                                                                                ##22. Sedaghat, R.(2006).  An economic analysis of  pistachio production, processing and trade in Iran, ph.D. Thesis. Department ofAgricultural Economics, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, India. ##23. SHafiei, L., Javaheri, M.A. & Pour Jopari, Z.(2006). Investigation on technical allocative and economic efficiency for sugar beet producers inn Bardsir City.Journal of Sugar, 22(2), 109-121.(In Farsi)##24. Yaghoobi, M. (2011). Survey the Status of Shrimp Cooperatives and Non-Cooperatives at District Guatr in Sistan and Baluchistan Province. M.Sc Thesis. University of Sistan and Baluchestan, School of Economics. (In Farsi)##25.Zara Nejan,M & Yusefi Hajiabadi, R. (2009). Assessment of technical efficiency of wheat production in Iran (using parametric and nonparametric approaches). Economic Research  Review,9(2), 145-172. (In Farsi)##

0 تعیین الگوی بهینۀ زراعی شهرستان اسفراین (کاربرد برنامه ریزی فازی با ارزش بازه ای بر اساس برش های آلفای نامحدود) Determine the optimal cropping pattern of Esfarayen county (Application of interval-valued fuzzy programming based on infinite alpha-cuts) https://ijaedr.ut.ac.ir/article_54480.html 10.22059/ijaedr.2015.54480 0 با توجه به ماهیت ویژة فعالیت­های کشاورزی و تأثیرگرفتن نتایج تصمیمات از ریسک و حتمیت‌نداشتن این فعالیت­ها، درنظرگرفتن ریسک به هنگام برنامه­ریزی در بخش کشاورزی امری ضروری است. در مطالعة حاضر، برای لحاظ‌کردن شرایط نبودن قطعیت و همچنین تأکید بر محدودیت منابع آب در تعیین الگوی بهینة زراعی، از روش برنامه‌ریزی فازی با ارزش بازه­ای استفاده شد. آمار و اطلاعات مورد نیاز از طریق جمع‌آوری 128 پرسشنامه و مصاحبة حضوری با کشاورزان شهرستان اسفراین به‌صورت نمونه­گیری تصادفی ساده، در سال زراعی 1391-1392 تهیه شد. نتایج نشان می­دهد محصولات ذرت علوفه­ای، لوبیا قرمز و گندم محصولات بهینه و اقتصادی برای کشت در اکثر سناریوهاست و سود الگوی بهینه با کاهش نبودن قطعیت منابع آب افزایش می­یابد. همچنین، میزان استفاده از آب در الگوی کشت فعلی بیش از مقدار مصرف آب در الگوی کشت بهینه است؛ بنابراین، پیشنهاد می­شود با ارائة سیاست­های حمایتی توسط مسئولان کشاورزی شهرستان مذکور، مانند تقویت سطح پوشش بیمة محصولات کشاورزی یا قیمت تضمینی برای کشت محصولات بهینة پیشنهادی گسترش یابد تا ضمن افزایش سودآوری کشاورزان، از برداشت بیش از حد از سفره‌‌های آب زیرزمینی نیز جلوگیری شود. 1 Due to the special nature of agricultural activities and results of decisions influenced by the risk and uncertainty of these activities, consideration risk is essential in planning for agriculture sector. Interval-valued fuzzy programming approach is advantage of in this study for considering the conditions of uncertainty and additionally emphasizing on the limitation of water resources in defining the optimal crop pattern. The required data was gathered via 128 questionnaire and interviews with the farmers of Esfarayen county as simple random sampling in 2012-2013. The results show that Forage maize, Red beans and wheat in the most case scenarios are economical as well as optimal crops for cultivation, and the profit of the optimul model increases with reduction the uncertainty in water resources. Also, the level of water consumption in current cropping patterns is more than the amount of water consumption in the optimal cropping pattern. Therefore, presentation of supportive policies such asenhancement of insurance coverage for crops or the guaranteed price for crops, cultivationof the recommended optimal crops are suggested to develop. In addition, the increase inprofitability of the farmers from too much usage of underground aquifers is stopped aswell. 61 73 مهسا بهرامی نسب Mahsa Bahrami Nasab کارشناس ارشد اقتصاد کشاورزی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد ایران nasab.bahrami@yahoo.com آرش دوراندیش Arash Dourandish استادیار گروه اقتصاد کشاورزی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد ایران adourandish@gmail.com ناصر شاهنوشی Naser Shahnoushi استاد گروه اقتصاد کشاورزی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد ایران naser.shahnoushi@gmail.com محمدرضا کهنسال Mohamad Reza Kohansal استاد گروه اقتصاد کشاورزی دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد ایران kohansal@ferdowsi.um.ac.ir ارزش بازه ای برش آلفا برنامه ریزی فازی منابع آب نبودن قطعیت Agriculture- Jehad of Northern Khorasan. (2012) Yearbook of Plant Production Statistics. from http:// boe.nkj.ir.##Berim-nejad, V. & Paykani, GH. (2004). The Effects of Irrigation Efficiency Improvement in Agricultural Section on Increasing level of Ground water, Development and Agricultural Economic, 12(47), 69-95. (In Farsi).##Biswas, A., & Baranpal, B. (2005). Application of fuzzy goal programming technique to land use planning in agricultural system, The International Journal of Management Science, 33 (5), 391-398.##Chen, C., Huang, G.H., Li, Y.P., & Zhou, Y. (2012). A robust risk analysis method for water resources allocation under uncertainty. Stoch Environ Res Risk Assess, published online: 28 August 2012.##Fan, Y.R., Huang, G.H., Guo, P., & Yang, A.L. (2012). Inexact two-stage stochastic partial programming: application to water resources management under uncertainty. Stoch Environ Res Risk Assess, 26, 281–293.##Ghorbanian, E., Zibaie, M., Ghorbani, M., & Kohansal, M. (2013). Determine the Optimal Cropping Pattern Due to Llimited Groundwater Resources in Kavar Plain. Agricultural Economics and Development, 27(1), 1-7. (In Farsi).##Gorzalezang, M.B. (1987). A method of inference in approximate reasoning based on interval-valued fuzzy sets, Fuzzy Sets and Systems, 21,  1-17.##Guo, P., Huang, G.H., Zhu, H., & Wang, X.L. (2010). A two-stage programming approach for water resources management under randomness and fuzziness. Environmental Modelling & Software, 25, 1573-1581.##Guo, R. INTERVAL-VALUED FUZZY SET MODELLING OF SYSTEM RELIABILITY. From web.uct.ac.za/depts/stats/rguo_files/rguo_09.pdf‎##Hosseinzadeh, M., Kohansal, M.R., & Ghorbani, M. (2013). Evaluate the Effects of Targeting Subsidies on Cultivation Pattern in the Esfarayen County (Interval Programming Approach). Agricultural Economics and Development, 27 (1), 64-74. (In Farsi).##Huang, Y., Li, Y.P., Chen, X., & Ma, Y.G. (2012). Optimization of the irrigation water resources for agricultural sustainability in Tarim River Basin, China. Agricultural Water Management, 107, 74– 85.##IWMI. (2003). Water productivity in agriculture: Limits and  Opportunities for Improvements, Press Release: New research findings offer hope for the world water crisis, Nairobi November 3. ##Kaur,  B., Sidhu, R.S., & Vatta, K. (2010). 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0 بررسی عوامل مؤثر بر صادرات گیاهان دارویی ایران (مورد مطالعه: زیرۀ سبز) The investigation of affecting factors on Iran’s medicinal plants export (Case study: Cumin) https://ijaedr.ut.ac.ir/article_54481.html 10.22059/ijaedr.2015.54481 0 متکی‌بودن اقتصاد ایران به درآمد­های نفتی و تأثیر­پذیری درآمد­ها از مسائل سیاسی و اقتصادی، به آسیب­پذیری اقتصاد کشور منجر شد. یکی از راه­های مقابله با این چالش، توسعة تولیداتی است که ضمن بهبود وضع اقتصاد داخلی سبب افزایش صادرات غیر نفتی می­شود. در این میان، گیاهان دارویی علاوه‌بر نقش ویژه‌ای که در اقتصاد داخلی دارند می­توانند تأثیر بسزایی در امر صادرات غیر ­نفتی داشته باشند. با توجه به اهمیت صادرات غیر­ نفتی در راستای رهایی از اقتصاد تک‌محصولی، هدف مطالعة حاضر بررسی عوامل مؤثر بر صادرات زیرة سبز کشور برای دورة 1365-1388 است. در این راستا، تجزیه و تحلیل داده­ها با استفاده از رهیافت هم­انباشتگی و الگوی تصحیح خطای برداری (VECM) صورت گرفت. نتایج برآورد مدل نشان داد متغیرهای نرخ ارز واقعی، ارزش افزودة بخش کشاورزی و قیمت صادراتی تأثیر معنی­دار بر صادرات زیرة سبز دارند. همچنین، نتایج نشان می­دهد ارتباط معنی‌دار بین صادرات زیره و نرخ واقعی ارز از نوع مثبت است. از این‌رو، اتخاذ سیاست­های مناسب ارزی در راستای تعدیل نرخ واقعی ارز، می‌تواند نقش بسزایی در افزایش ظرفیت آیندة تولید، صادرات و دستیابی به رشد اقتصادی داشته باشد. 1 The dependence of Iran's economy to oil revenues and affecting the political and economic issues on income have caused the vulnerability of the economy. One way to meet these challenges is expanding such products, on the one hand improving the domestic economy and on the other hand increasing the exports. Among the agricultural products, medicinal plants have a special role in the domestic economy and a great impact on the non-oil exports. According to the importance of non-oil exports in order to get rid of the single-product economy, the objective of this study is investigation of affecting factors on Iran’s cumin export over the period of 1986/2009. In this regard, the analysis of data has performed using the cointegration approach and Vector Error Correction Model (VECM). The model estimation results showed that the real exchange rate, agricultural value added and export price have a significant impact on cumin export. Furthermore, the results showed that there is a positive relationship between cumin export and real exchange rate. Therefore, taking the appropriate exchange rate policies in order to adjust the real exchange rate can play a substantial role in increasing production capacity and achieving to economic growth in future. 75 81 حمید امیرنژاد Hamid Amirnejad دانشیار گروه اقتصاد کشاورزی، دانشگاه علوم کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی ساری ایران hamidamirnejad@yahoo.com فاطمه مزرعه Fatemeh Mazraeh دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد اقتصاد کشاورزی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس ایران fateme_mazrae@yahoo.com حامد نویدی Hamed Navidi کارشناس ارشد اقتصاد کشاورزی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس ایران navidi_hamed@yahoo.com الگوی تصحیح خطای برداری زیرة سبز قیمت صادراتی نرخ ارز هم انباشتگی AmirAzodi, A. & Mohammadi, H. (2010). Analysis of the ٍEffects of Monetary and Fiscal Policies Wariables Agriculture. Iranian Journal of Economic Research and Policy. 53, 45-58.##Asgharpur, H., Mohammadpur, S., Rezazadeh, A. & Jahangiri, Kh. (2012). Investigating the Effect of Exchange Rate Volatility on Agricultural Exports to Iran. Iranian Journal of Agriculture Economic Researches. 4(1), 121-137. (In Farsi)##Cahmbers, R. & Just, R. E. (1981). Effects of Exchange Rate Changes on U.S. Agriculture: A Dynamic Analysis. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 63: 32-46.##Fogarasi, J. (2010). The Effect of Exchange Rate Volatility upon Foreign Trade of Romanian Agricultural Products, Global Development Network Regional Research Competition, Project RRC8+39.##Fountas, S. & Berdin, D. (1998). Exchange Rate Volatility and Exports: The Case of Ireland. Applied Economics Letters, 5:301-304.##Haghighat, J. & Hosainpur, R. (2010). The Effect of Exchange Rate on Export Price of Raisins in Iran. Iranian Journal of Economic Sciences. 1: 33-54. (In Farsi)##Ismaili, A. & Rahmati, D. (2007). The Effect of Trade Liberalization on agriculture in Iran. Iranian Journal of Economic and agriculture, 2(1), 119-128. (In Farsi)##Khazai, A. (1997). Survey Saffron Market Upheaval, Establish a Fund. Iranian Journal of Agriculture Economic and development. 19: 25-44. (In Farsi)##Ministry of Industry, Mine and Trade, (2011). Knowledge Management System. Production priority for. http://www.bsmt.ir/5519/##Mohammadi, F. (1996). Survey the Situation the Production and Export of Iranian Saffron and Cumin. Iranian Journal of Agriculture Economic and Development, 1: 123-146. (In Farsi)##10. Mohammadi, M., Ahmadi, A. M. & Ghafari, H. M. (2011). Evaluate the Effect of Bank Credit and Real Exchange Rrate on Growth of Agricultural Commodities Export. Iranian Journal of Agriculture Economic and Rural Development, 73: 47-77. (In Farsi)##11. Mookergee R. (1997). Export Volame, Exchange Rate and Global Economic Growth: The Indian experience. Applied Economics Letters, 1(4): 425-429.##12. Najafi Alamdarlu, H. & Hasani, U. (2009). Evaluation of Comparative Advantage in Production, Export and Identifying Target Markets Cumin. Iranian Journal of Agriculture Economics Researches, 1(3): 101-122. (In Farsi)##13. Samadi, A. H. (1998). Integration and Its Economic Application. Sasan publications, Shiraz.##14. Sekkat, K. & Varoudakis, A. (2000). Exchange Rate Management and Manufactured Exports in Sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of Development Economics, L(61): 237-253.##15. Smith, M. 2004. Impact of the Exchange Rate on Export Volumes. Economics Department, RESERVE BANK OF NEW ZEALAND: Bulletin 67(1).##16. ُSouri, A. (2011). Econometrics. Culturology Publication, Iran.##17. The Islamic Republic of Iran Customs Administration (IRIC), (2011). Yearbook of Foreign Trade, Various Years.##18. Torkamani, J. & zoghipur, A. (2007). The Factors Affecting the Supply of Food Industry Products Export to Iran. Iranian Journal of Agriculture Economic. 2(1): 23-33. (In Farsi)##19. Valadkhani, A. (1998). Determinative Factors of non-Oil Export in Iran Using Integration Method of Engel – Granger Johansson for Years 1959-1995, Journal of Planning and Budgeting, 2(1): 3-30. (In Farsi)##

0 رابطۀ بین خلاقیت و قصد کارآفرینی (مورد مطالعه: دانشجویان کشاورزی دانشگاه تهران) Relation between creativity and entrepreneurial intentions (Case study: Agricultural students, University of Tehran) https://ijaedr.ut.ac.ir/article_54482.html 10.22059/ijaedr.2015.54482 0 هدف این مقاله بررسی رابطة خلاقیت با قصد کارآفرینی است. جامعة آماری این پژوهش شامل تمام دانشجویان کارشناسی کشاورزی سال آخر (پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی کرج و پردیس ابوریحان) دانشگاه تهران بود (N=420) که 201 نفر از آن‌ها از طریق نمونه‌گیری طبقه‌ای متناسب به‌عنوان نمونة آماری انتخاب شدند. ابزار اصلی گردآوری داده‌ها پرسشنامه‌ای بود که روایی آن توسط اعضای هیئت علمی دانشکدة کارآفرینی و روان‌شناسی و علوم تربیتی دانشگاه تهران و پایایی آن توسط ضریب آلفای کرونباخ تأیید شد (α>0.70). داده‏ها در دو بخش آمار توصیفی و آمار استنباطی به‌ترتیب توسط نرم‏افزارهای SPSS16 و Lisrel8.54تحلیل شدند. نتایج نشان می‌دهد از بین سه بعد خلاقیت درنظر‌گرفته‌شده )خلاقیت فردی، درک دانشجویان از خلاقیت در محیط دانشگاهی و محیط خانواده( در این پژوهش، خلاقیت فردی تنها بعدی است که بر قصد کارآفرینی دانشجویان کشاورزی تأثیر می‌گذارد و موجب افزایش قصد کارآفرینی آن‌ها می‌شود. با وجود این، محیط دانشگاهی و همچنین محیط خانوادگی نتوانست سبب خلاقیت و درنتیجه ارتقای قصد کارآفرینی دانشجویان شود. 1 The purpose of this study was to investigate relation between creativity and entrepreneurial intentions. Statistical population was consisted of last-year juniors of agriculture from two agricultural collages at the University of Tehran (Karaj’s Agricultural and Natural Resources Campus and College of Aburaihan) (N=420(. 201 ones were selected as statistical sample. The main instrument was a questionnaire. Its validity confirmed by faculties of Entrepreneurship and Psychology and Educational Sciences in University of Tehran. Its reliability calculated by Cronbach's alpha coefficient (α>0.70). Data was analyse by using SPSS16 and Lisrel8.54 in both descriptive statistics and inferential statistics, respectively. Results showed that the student’s self-perception of creativity is the only one that affects entrepreneurial intentions of agricultural students from among three dimensions considered for creativity (individual creativity, university environment and family one that promote creativity). However, not university nor family environment could promote creativity and subsequent student’s entrepreneurial intentions. 83 93 حجت شکیبا Hojat Shakiba دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد آموزش کشاورزی، پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی دانشگاه تهران ایران shakiba_h@ut.ac.ir فاطمه رجبیان غریب Fatemeh Rajabian Gharib دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد آموزش کشاورزی، پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی دانشگاه تهران ایران rajabian@mailinator.com یوسف حجازی Yousef Hejazi استاد دانشکدة اقتصاد و توسعة کشاورزی، پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی دانشگاه تهران ایران yhejazi@ut.ac.ir خلاقیت فردی دانشجویان کشاورزی دانشگاه تهران قصد کارآفرینی Ahmadpour-Dariani, M. (2009). Entrepreneurship: Definitions, Theories, patterns. Jajarmi press. 9th edition,  Tehran (In Farsi)##Ahmadpour-Dariani, M. & Moghimi, M. (2009). Foundation of Entrepreneurship. Faraandish press. 12th edition, Tehran (In Farsi)##Ajzen, I. (1991). Theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50, 179-211##Amabile, T. M. (1983). 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0 بررسی سطح توسعه یافتگی شهرستان های استان زنجان از لحاظ شاخص های دامپروری The developmental levels of Zanjan province townships according to animal husbandry indicators https://ijaedr.ut.ac.ir/article_54483.html 10.22059/ijaedr.2015.54483 0  بخش کشاورزی در بیشتر کشورهای دنیا و به‌ویژه ایران نقش مهمی در توسعة ملی ایفا می‌کند. امور دام به‌عنوان یکی از زیربخش‌های مهم کشاورزی عهده‌دار تأمین پروتئین کشور در کنار ایجاد اشتغال و صنایع وابسته است. برنامه‌ریزی هدفمند توسعة این بخش به شناخت علمی و صحیح از وضعیت موجود مناطق برنامه‌ریزی نیاز دارد. از این‌رو، هدف تحقیق توصیفی- ارزشیابانة حاضر بررسی وضعیت شهرستان‌های استان زنجان از لحاظ شاخص‌های دامپروری و رتبه‌بندی این شهرستان‌هاست. از تلفیق داده‌های ثانویه (اسناد انتشاریافته به‌صورت چاپی یا در فضای وب سازمان‌ها و نهادها) و نیز اولیه (تکمیل چک‌لیست از برخی سازمان‌ها) برای 48 شاخص مرتبط با وضعیت دامپروری برای سال 1389 استفاده شد که از مطالعات قبلی و مصاحبه با صاحب‌نظران ترویج و توسعة روستایی و نیز علوم دامی استخراج شد. داده‌ها پس از پردازش در Excel‌ و بدون مقیاس‌کردن از روش تقسیم بر میانگین، با استفاده از روش مک‌گراناهان وزن‌دهی شدند و در ادامه با استفاده از نرم‌افزار GIS و با تلفیق لایه‌های جغرافیایی با مقادیر توصیفی شاخص‌ها برای رتبه‌بندی شهرستان‌ها اقدام شد. نتایج نشان داد از لحاظ شاخص ترکیبی کل توسعة دامپروری، شهرستان‌های زنجان، ابهر،‌ خرمدره، ‌ایجرود، طارم،‌ ماهنشان و خدابنده در مکان‌های اول تا هفتم قرار دارند. همچنین، در هفت زیرشاخص مدیریت پرورشی و تولیدی بهره‌برداران، مدیریت بیمة محصولات دامی، صنایع وابسته (صنایع تبدیلی، صنایع لبنی و کشتارگاه)، خدمات بخش خصوصی، خدمات بخش دولتی، زیرساختی- منابع انسانی و نیز آموزشی و ترویجی شهرستان‌های استان رتبه‌بندی شدند. براساس نتایج مطالعه، پیشنهادهایی در پایان مقاله برای بهبود مدیریت و سیاستگذاری بخش دامپروری در استان ارائه می‌شود. 1 Agriculture sector in Iran and some other countries of the world has a vital role in national development. Animal husbandry sub-sector needed meat of the society, creating related jobs and producing raw materials of some industries. Acquiring scientific and sound information of the current situation of regions are important and imitative step in improvement program planning. The purpose of this descriptive-evaluative study was to study of developmental levels of Townships of Zanjan province according to animal husbandry indicators. Secondary data (published and on the web data of related organization) and field data (by filling checklist from related organization) for 48 indicators (extracted from reviewing literature review and interviewing with rural extension and development and animal science experts) were used. Data units were omitted by dividing them to their average and then weighed by Mc Granahan method. The descriptive tables of indicators were added to geographical layers of townships in ArcGis 9.The results revealed that based on composite index (CI), Zanjan, Abhar, Khoramdareh, Ijroud, Tarom, Mahneshan and Khodabandeh townships were ranked respectively from first to seventh level. Also Townships of Zanjan province were ranked based on seven sub-indices, named as breeding and production management, livestock insurance management, related industries (processing, dairy industries, and slaughterhouses), private sector services, public sector services, infrastructural, human resources and extension-education. Based on the findings, some recommendations to improve animal husbandry sector in the province have been suggested. 95 105 علی شمس Ali Shams استادیار دانشگاه زنجان ایران shams@znu.ac.ir علی جوادی Ali Javadi کارشناس ارشد دانشگاه زنجان ایران alijavadimtd@yahoo.com استان زنجان برنامه‌ریزی توسعة کشاورزی شاخص‌های دامپروری GIS Adolahzade, Gh., Kalantari, Kh., Asadi, A., & Daneshvar, J. (2011). Formulating and validation of suitable indices for analyzing spatial agricultural development inequalities (case study of Fars provinces). Iranian Journal of Agricultural Economics and development, 2-41(1), 111-125. (In Farsi)##BardianaMoradneghad, R. (2008). The developmental level of Iranian provinces according to major indices of agriculture sector, Journal of Rural Development Studies. 11(3), 173-194 (In Farsi)##Barghi, H., Ghanbari, Y., Hajarian, A. (2011). Analysis of township of Esfahan province according to developmental level based on major agriculture sector indices. Journal of Research and Civil Planning, 2(4), 113-128. (In Farsi)##Fazayeli, H.(2007). The role of rural animal husbandry system in agricultural ecologic. Proceeding of 2end national conference in Iranian agricultural ecology. Gorgan: University of Gorgan. (In Farsi)##Gerber, P., Carsjens, G., Pak-uthai, Th,. & Robinson, T.(2008).Decision support for spatially targeted livestock policies: diverse examples from Uganda and Thailand, Agricultural Systems, 96, 37–51##Hasan abadizadeh, N., & Farajolah hoseini, S.J.(2010).Study of risk taking strategies in livestock husbandry (Golestan Province). Journal of Agricultural Extension andEducation Research, 3(2), 11-24. (In Farsi)##Iranian Statistical Centre. (2010). General population and housing census of Zanjan province in year 2010. Retrived December 9, 2012, from http:// www.amar.org.ir. (In Farsi)##Jamshidi, M.T. (2011). Study of Agricultural Development levels and regional inequalities in Zanjan province. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development, 2-42(1), 67-78. (In Farsi)##Kalantari, Kh. (2009). Programming and regional development. Tehran: Khoshbin publication. (In Farsi)##Kohansal, M.R., Rafiei darani, H. (2009). Analysis of Township of Razavi khorasan province according to agricultural developmental level. Journal of Agricultural Economics, 3(4), 45-66.(In Farsi)##Molaei, M.(2008). Comparing of developmental level in agriculture section of Iranian provinces in 1994 and 2004, Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development, 16(63), 71-88. (In Farsi)##Organization of Jihad-e-Agriculture of Zanjan. (2011). Agricultural statistic of province. Retrieved September 12, 2012, from http:// www. .zanjan.agri-jahad.ir (In Farsi)##Pezeshki, V., & Zarafshani, K. (2008). Application of Fuzzy model in ranking of agricultural development level of sub districts of Kermanshah Township. Quarterly journal of rural development studies (ROOSTA VA TOWSEE),Quartely.11(4), 53-70. (In Farsi)##Rajabbeygi, M. & Khoshnod M. (2008). The prospect of Elmi-Karbordi higher education regards with Agricultural-Jihad experience. Proceeding of entrepreneurship development in Elmi-Karbordi education conference. Tehran, pp 574-579. (In Farsi)##Rezvanfar, A., Veisi, H., & Shafiei, F. (2006). Grouping of different provinces regards with animal husbanry capacity to provide reasonable support services. Journal of Rural Development Studies. 9(3), 1. (In Farsi)##Rezvanfar, A., Zolali, N., & Sepehrian, N. (2007). Exploring possibility of privitization of livestock extension activities: opinion of specialities. Journal of Agricultural Science and Natural Science. 14(1). (In Farsi)##Sharifi, O., Molaei, S., & Esmaeilypor, O. (2009). Role of Cooperatives in Animal Husbanry industry regards to Modification of consumption patterns. First Conference in Modification of consumption patterns in Agricultural, Natural and veterinary, Zabol, University of Zabol. (In Farsi)##Siefolahi M., Barghi H., & Ghanbari Y.(2010). Non-officials Trainings, an Effective factor in rurals economic development process: case study of Fereydan rurals in Esfahan province. JournalUrban - RegionalStudiesandResearch. 2 (6),95-116. (In Farsi)##Tagvayi, M., & Beshag, M, R.(2011). Analysis of agricultural development indicators and ranking of townships of khozestan province by scalogram method. Journal of Agricultural Economic Research, 2(4), 137-154. (In Farsi)##Xu, X., Hou, L., Lin, H., & Liu, W. (2006). Zoning of sustainable agricultural development in china. Agriculture Systems. 86, 38- 62.##Ziadi, K.A., & Saeidi rezvani, N., Baghal salehpoor, L.(2010). Analysis of Township of East azerbayjan province according to developmental level based on HDI method. Management Farasoyeh. 3(12), 75-95. (In Farsi)##

0 نقش سیاست های حمایتی در توسعۀ صادرات محصولات کشاورزی ایران The role of supportive policies in the Iran's development exports of agricultural products https://ijaedr.ut.ac.ir/article_54484.html 10.22059/ijaedr.2015.54484 0     بخش ­کشاورزی در ایران علاوه‌بر تأمین نیازهای داخلی، در تجارت خارجی نیز مشارکت دارد و صادرات محصولات آن نسبت به بخش­های دیگر دارای ثبات بیشتری است؛ بنابراین تکیه بر این بخش و توسعه و گسترش صادرات آن می­تواند زمینه را برای حضور ایران در بازارهای جهانی و استفاده از مزایای آن فراهم آورد. مطالعة حاضر با هدف بررسی نقش سیاست­های حمایتی در توسعة صادرات، به شناسایی شاخص­های تأثیرگذار بر عرضة صادرات محصولات کشاورزی ایران در دورة زمانی 1360-1390 با استفاده از الگوی خودتوضیح با وقفه­های گسترده می‌پردازد. طبق نتایج، شاخص­های نسبت قیمت­ صادراتی، ارزش افزودة کشاورزی و معیار کلی حمایت، متغیرهای تأثیرگذار بر الگو هستند و رابطة مثبت با عرضة صادرات در کوتاه­مدت و بلندمدت د‌ارند. همچنین، نرخ ارز، مصرف بخش ­­خصوصی و متغیر مجازی جنگ بر عرضة صادرات بی­تأثیر بودند. ضریب جملة تصحیح خطا هم نشان داد در هر دوره 52 درصد از نبودن تعادل از بین می­رود و تعدیل بلندمدت صورت می­گیرد. با درنظرگرفتن نتایج، توجه به میزان و نحوة اجرای سیاست‌های حمایتی با توجه به نقش مستقیم آن در توسعة صادرات امری ضروری است؛ بنابراین، درصورت اعمال مناسب این سیاست­ها صادرات محصولات­­ کشاورزی افزایش می‌یابد. 1 The agriculture of Iran in addition to supplying domestic needs through agricultural exports in foreign trade contributed and exports products are more stable than other sectors. So, developing and expanding of exports can be a ground for Iran in global markets. Thus, the role of supportive policies in developing export to identify parameters affecting and suppling of agricultural exports of Iran during the period 1981/2012 by using Auto Regressive Distributed Lag Method (ARDL) is discussed. The results indicats the ratio of export prices, value-added agriculture and aggregate measurement of support (AMS), and variables influencing the pattern. It has a positive relationship with export supply in the short-term and long-term. Also, exchange rate of private sector consumption and a dummy variable war had no effects on export supply. Error correction coefficient also showed that in each course, 52% of the balance is lost and adjustments are made for the long term. So, according to the results, necessary to increase the amount of and implementation of supportive policies given a direct role in export promotion is necessary. Therefore, if properly applied these policies agricultural exports will increase. 107 119 وحید عزیزی Vahid Azizi کارشناس ارشد اقتصاد کشاورزی ایران vahidazizi8@gmail.com نادر مهرگان Nader Mehregan استاد گروه اقتصاد دانشگاه بوعلی سینا همدان ایران mehregannader@yahoo.com غلامرضا یاوری Gholam reza Yavari استادیار گروه اقتصاد کشاورزی دانشگاه پیام نور، مرکز کرج ایران gr.yavari@gmail.com ایران سیاست های حمایتی عرضة صادرات عوامل مؤثر محصولات کشاورزی Central Bank of the Islamic Republic of Iran. (2013). Economic Report & Balance Sheet. Various years, from http://www.cbi.ir (In Farsi).##Faridi, M. Z. (2012), Contribution of Agricultural Exports to Economic Growth in Pakistan, Pak. J. Commer. Soc. Sci, 6(1), 133-146.##Gilanpour, O. (2012). Calculation of Aggregate Measurement of Support (AMS) in Iran's agricultural sector, Agricultural Planning, Economics And Rural Development Research Institute. Tehran. (In Farsi).##Gilbert, N. A., Gustave Linyong, S., & Munchunga Divine, G. (2013). Impact of Agricultural Export on Economic Growth in Cameroon: Case of Banana, Coffee and Cocoa, International Journal of Business and Management Review, 1(1), 44–71.##Gharabaghian, M. (2007), EconomicGrowth and Development, (3th ed.). Tehran: Ney Publication, pp.772 – 723, Iran. (In Farsi).##Goldstein, M. & Khan. M. S. (1978). The Supply and Demand for Exports: A Simultaneous Approach. Review of Economics and Statistics, 60, 275 – 286.##Goswami, C., & Saikia, K.K. (2012). FDI and its Relation with Export inIndia, Status and Prospect in north east region. Procedia ,Social and Behavioral sciences, 37, 123-132.##Homayunpour, M., & Hosseini, S.S. (2012). Factors affecting agricultural commodities export in Iran, In: The 8th Biennial conference of Iranian Agricultural Economics Society, 9-10 May 2012. : Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran, pp 645-660. (In Farsi).##Hoshmand, M., Daneshnia, M., & Abdollahi, Z. (2011). Effective Factors of Non Oil Export in Iran. Journal of Knowledge & Development, 17(34), 126 – 145. (In Farsi).##Hosseini, S. S., Pakravan, M. R., & Gilanpour, O. (2012). Investigating the effects of protection policy on agriculture sector TFP,  Journal of Economics and Agriculture development, 25(4), 507 – 516. (In Farsi).##Jung, S.W., & Marshall, P. J. (1985). Exports, Growth and Causality in DevelopingCountries.  Journal of Development Economics,18. 1 – 12##Khalilian, S., Farhadi, A., (2002). Study of factors influencing Iran’s agricultural exports. Journal of Agriculture economic and development, 10(39), 71 – 84. (In Farsi).##Ministry of Jihad-e-Agriculture of the Islamic Republic of Iran (2013), Statistical Yearbook of Agricultural. Various years, from http://www.maj.ir (In Farsi).##Najafi Alamdarloo, H., Mortazavi, S. A., & Shemshadi yazdi, K. (2013). Application of Spatial Econometrics in Agricultural Exports in ECO Members: Panel Data Approach. The Economic Research (Scientific Research Quarterly), 13(3), 49-62. (In Farsi).##Nur, M., Wijeweera, A., & Dollery, B. (2007). Estimation of the Export Demand Function using Bilateral Trade Data: The Case of Bangladesh. South Asia Economic Journal, 8(2), 249-264.##Noferesti, M. (2012), Unit root and co-integration in econometrics, (4th ed.). Teharn: The Rasa Institute of Cultural Services, Iran. (In Farsi).##Pakravan, M. R., & Gilanpour, O. (2013). Investigating Export Potential Vision and Competitiveness of Iran's Agricultural Product in Middle East and North Africa. Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development, 27(1), 51-63. (In Farsi).##Pakravan, M. R, Mehrabi, H., & Gilanpour, O. (2011). Estimating Supply and Demand Function of Iran’s Agricultural Products Export. Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development, 24(4), 471-478. (In Farsi).##Pesaran, M.H. & B. Pesaran. (1997). Microfit 4.1 (Window Version). Oxford University Press, UK.##Prasanna, N. (2010). Impact of Foreign Direct Investment on ExportPerformance in India. J Soe Science, 24(1), 65-71.##Rezapour, S., & Mortazavi, A. (2010). Studying globalization impact on export demand and supply of saffron, Iranian Journal of Agricultural Economics, 4(3).153-170. (In Farsi).##Statistical Centre of Iran. (2013). Statistical Yearbook of Iran. Various years, from http://www.amar.org.ir (In Farsi).##Tashkini, A. (2006), Applied  Econometrics with Microfit, Tehran: Publishing co The Dibagaran Tehran Cultural and Artistic Institute, Iran. (In Farsi).##The Islamic Republic of Iran Customs Administration. (2013). Statistical Yearbook of Commerce. Various years, from http://www.irica.gov.ir (In Farsi).##Zamani, F., Mehrabi Boshrabadi, H. (2013).  An Investigation of the Foreign Exchange Shock Symmetry and Its Effect upon Export and Import of Agricultural Crops in Iran. Iranian Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development Research, 43-2(2), 165-174. (In Farsi).##

0 شناسایی پیامدهای عضویت در تعاونی‌های آب‌بران (مورد مطالعه: دشت لیشتر در شهرستان گچساران) Identification of membership consequences in water users associations (Case study: Lishter Plain, Gachsaran Township) https://ijaedr.ut.ac.ir/article_54485.html 10.22059/ijaedr.2015.54485 0 تشکل‌های آب‌بران راهبرد اصلی مدیریت منابع آب شناخته می‌شود و کشورهای مختلف به انتقال مدیریت آبیاری به این تشکل‌ها توجه کرده‌اند. هدف این مطالعه شناسایی و تحلیل پیامدهای عضویت در تعاونی‌های آب‌بران در شبکه‌های آبیاری لیشتر و خیرآباد شهرستان گچساران بود. تحقیق حاضر از نوع توصیفی است که به روش پیمایشی انجام گرفت. جامعة آماری تحقیق حاضر را کشاورزان بهره‌بردار از شبکه‌های آبیاری و زهکشی لیشتر و خیرآباد شهرستان گچساران در استان کهگیلویه و بویراحمد تشکیل می‌دهند (572= N). حجم نمونه با استفاده از جدول کرجسی و مورگان 219 نفر برآورد شد. نمونه‌ها با استفاده از روش نمونه‌گیری طبقه‌ای تصادفی با انتساب متناسب انتخاب شدند. ابزار اصلی گردآوری اطلاعات در این پژوهش پرسشنامه بود که روایی آن به تأیید استادان گروه ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی دانشگاه تربیت مدرس و گروه مدیریت توسعة روستایی دانشگاه یاسوج رسید. پایایی پرسشنامه در مرحلة پیش‌آزمون و محاسبة آلفای کرونباخ 86/0 به‌دست آمد. داده‌های گردآوری‌شده با استفاده از نرم‌افزار SPSS 19 تحلیل شدند. با توجه به نتایج تحلیل عاملی، افزایش اطلاعات و ارتباطات کشاورزان، کاهش هزینه‌های کشاورزان، افزایش تولید محصول و مدیریت بهینة منابع آب، تقویت سرمایة اجتماعی و کاهش هزینه‌های دولت، پیامدهای مثبت و ایجاد تضاد بین کشاورزان پیامد منفی تشکیل این تعاونی‌هاست. با توجه به یافته‌های تحقیق، پیشنهاد‌هایی برای تسهیل توسعه و تشکیل تعاونی‌های آب‌بران ارائه می‌شود. 1 Water User Associations (WUAs) are the main strategy in water resources management, and transferring of irrigation management to these associations is paying attention in different countries. The current study aimed to identify and analyze membership consequences in WUAs. The research was descriptive and survey method was used. The population of this study consisted of all farmers in irrigation and drainage networks of Lishter and Kheirabad in Gachsaran township in the Kohgiloyeh and Boyerahmad province (N=572). Using Krejcie and Morgan’s (1970) table and stratified random sampling technique, 219 farmers were selected as sample (n=230). Questionnaire was the main tool for data gathering. Content and face validity of the questionnaire were confirmed by a panel of expert consisting of faculty members of Tarbiat Modares and Yasuj University. The reliability of the questionnaire confirmed by calculating Crobnach’s alpha (0.86) in pre-test stage. Data were analyzed using SPSS 19 software. Based on the results of factor analysis increasing in farmer’s information and communication, reduction in farmer’s costs, increasing in production and improvement in water resources management, strengthening of social capital, and reducing government’s costs are positive consequences and conflict between farmers is negative consequences of membership in WUAs. Based on the research findings, some suggestions are presented for facilitating the development and establishing of WUAs. 121 130 میلاد تقی پور Milad Taghipour کارشناس ارشد ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس ایران milad.taqipour@gmail.com عنایت عباسی Enayat Abbasi استادیار ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس ایران enayatabbasi@gmail.com محمد چیذری Mohamad Chizari استاد ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس ایران mchizari@modares.ac.ir تحلیل عاملی تعاونی آب‌بران گچساران مدیریت منابع آب Azizi, J. (2001). Sustainability of Agricultural Water. Journal of Development and Agricultural Economic, 9 (36), 113-136. (In Farsi).##Ehsani, M., and KHaledi, H. (2003). Agricultural Water Productivity. Iranian National Committee on Irrigation and Drainage press, Tehran, Iran. (In Farsi).##Ejtemaei, A. Zahedi, A. Fayaz, M. (1998). Participation of farmers in exploitation irrigation networks in Gilan, Iran. In Proceedings of the 1th Conference farmers Participation in irrigation networks. Tehran, (In Farsi).##Facon, T. (2007). Performance of Irrigation and Participatory Irrigation Management: Lessons from FAO̕s Irrigation Modernization Program in Asia. In Proceedings of the 4th Asian Regional Conference and 10th International Seminar on Participatory Irrigation Management. 2-5 May, Tehran, Iran.##Facon, TH. (2002). Improving the Irrigation Service to Farmers. A Key Issue in Participatory Irrigation Management. Report of the APO Seminar on Organizational Change for Participatory Irrigation Management. Philippines, 23-27 October 2000 (SEM-32-00), Tokyo.##Fami, H.S. Iravani, Z. Zarei and Mokhtari, A. (2007). Challenges and necessities of applying participatory approaches and mechanisms to agricultural water management. In Proceedings of the 4th Asian Regional Conference and 10th International Seminar on Participatory Irrigation Management. 2-5 May, Tehran, Iran.##Farshi, A. (2005). The optimal consumption of agricultural water, In Proceedings of the 1th conference of investigating drainage, irrigation network challenges and agricultural water optimal consumption, Tehran, Iran. (In Farsi).##Haydari, N., Eslami, A., and GHadami Firoozabadi, A., Kanooni, A., and Asadi, M., and Khajeabdollahi, M. (2005). water consumption efficiency of agricultural production in Iran different regions (Kerman, Hamadan, Semnan, Golestan and Khoozestan provinces), In Proceedings of the 2th Conference of Iranian National Committee on Irrigation and Drainage conference, water sciences engineering college, February, Ahvaz, Iran. (In Farsi).##Haydarian, S.A. (2002). Management transfers. Methods, Problem and solution. WUAs participation workshop in WUAs management. Iranian National Committee on Irrigation and Drainage. (In Farsi).##Haydarian, S.A. (2003) Participatory management. A new approach in improving management systems. Watershed Management journal, N2. Soil Conservation and Watershed Management Research Institute (SCWMRI).##Heyd, H., & Neef, A. (2004). Participation of local people in water management: Evidence from the Mae SA watershed, northern Thailand: International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington.##Heydarian, S.A. (2007) Irrigation management reforms in Iran: Lessons learned from 15 years experience and issues for the future. Proceedings of the 4th Asian Regional Conference and 10th International Seminar on Participatory Irrigation Management. 2-5 May, Tehran, Iran.##Howarth, S. E., & Lal, N. K. (2002). Irrigation and participation rehabilitation on the Rajapur project in Nepal, Irrigation and Drainage systems, 16: 111-138.##Howarth, S. E., Parajuli, U. N., Baral, J. R., Nott, G. A., Adhikari, B. R., Gautam, D. R., & Menuka, K. C. (2005). Promoting good governance of water user̕s association in Nepal, Department of irrigation of his Majesty: Government of Nepal.##IWMI. (2003) Water productivity in agriculture: Limits and Opportunities for Improvements, Press Release: New research findings offer hope for the world water crisis, Nairobi November 3.##Keramer, G.B., McKay, J. and Narayanamoorthy, A. (2006). The decline of innovative local self governance institutions for water management. International Journal of Rural management. 2 (1), 107-122.##Keshavarz, A., Hayadri, N. (2003). An investigation on water wastes in Iran. In Proceedings of the 1th Conference and International Seminar on prevention methods of resource wastes. Tehran, 19-21 May. (In Farsi).##KHanal, P.R. (2003) Participation and governance in Local water Management. Irrigation and Water Engineering Group. University of Wageningen, the Netherlands.##Khoma, B.G., Mulwafv, W.O. (2004). The experience of irrigation management transfers in two irrigation schemes in Malawi, 1960s- 2002, physics and chemistry of the earth 29, 1327-1333.##Melvin, S. and Payero, J. (2003) Future equipment and research needs gleaned from farmer reactions to an irrigation water conservation education program in Southwest Nebraska., 24th annual International Irrigation Show. The Irrigation Association. 18-20November, San Diego, CA. 423-431.##Omid, M. H., Akbari, M., Zarafshani, K., Eskandari, Gh. H. and Fami, H. Sh. (2012). Factors Influencing the Success of Water User Associations in Iran: A Case of Moqan, Tajan, and Varamin. Journal of Agriculture Science and Technology (JAST). Vol. 14(1), 27-36.##Peter J.R. (2004). Participatory Irrigation Management. International Network on Participatory Irrigation Management, Washington DC. INWEPF/SY/2004(06).##Rosegrant, M. W. and Ringler, C. (2000). Impact on Food Security and Rural Development of Transferring Water out of Agriculture. Water Policy, 1(6): 567–586.##Smith, M. and Munoz, G. (2003). Irrigation advisory services for effective water use. A review of experiences. In Proceedings of the 4th Asian Regional Conference and International Seminar on Irrigation Advisory Services and Participatory Extension in Irrigation Management. 24 July, Montreal, Canada.##Starkloff, R. (2001). Farmer̕s perception of the social mobilization of water user̕s organization in the Sindh, Pakistan, Working Paper 33, Irrigational Water Management Institute, Lahore, Pkistan.##Tanaka, Y. and Sato Y. (2005). Farmers managed irrigation districts in Japan: Assessing how fairness may contribute to sustainability. Agric. Water., 77,196-209.##Vermillion, D. L. and Sagardoy, J. A. (1999). Transfer of Irrigation Management Services: Guidelines. FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper 58. IWMI, GTZ, and FAO, Rome.##Zarei, Z. (2005). Analysis of effective factors in farmer participation on WUAs in Jargoueh, Esfahan County Iran.  Ms. C Thesis. University of Tehran, Iran. (In Farsi).##Zehtabiyan, Gh. (2005). The causes of low irrigation efficiency in Varamin region, In Proceedings of the 7th seminar of Iranian National Committee on Irrigation and Drainage. Tehran. Iran. (In Farsi).##

0 عوامل مؤثر بر نگرش دانشجویان کارشناسی ارشد کشاورزی درمورد به بکارگیری فناوری اطلاعات و ارتباطات در فعالیت‌های آموزشی و پژوهشی (مورد مطالعه: دانشگاه زنجان) https://ijaedr.ut.ac.ir/article_54486.html 10.22059/ijaedr.2015.54486 0 تحقیق توصیفی- همبستگی حاضر با هدف بررسی عوامل مؤثر بر نگرش دانشجویان کارشناسی ارشد کشاورزی درمورد به‌کارگیری فناوری اطلاعات و ارتباطات در فعالیت­های آموزشی و پژوهشی انجام گرفت. جامعة آماری این تحقیق، شامل 337 نفر از دانشجویان کارشناسی ارشد دانشکدة کشاورزی دانشگاه زنجان بود که با توجه به جدول کرجسی- مورگان، 180 نفر از آنان از طریق روش نمونه‌گیری طبقه‌ای با انتساب متناسب انتخاب شدند. برای گردآوری داده‌ها از پرسشنامه استفاده شد. نتایج تحلیل همبستگی نشان داد رابطه بین متغیر وابستة نگرش دانشجویان درمورد به‌کارگیری فناوری اطلاعات و ارتباطات در فعالیت­های آموزشی و پژوهشی با متغیر تعداد شرکت در دوره­های آموزشی در زمینة رایانه و اینترنت در سطح یک درصد و با دو متغیر میزان ساعت استفاده از اینترنت و میزان آشنایی با زمینه­های مختلف مرتبط با فناوری اطلاعات و ارتباطات در سطح پنج درصد مثبت و معنی­دار بود. با توجه به نتایج آزمون t مشخص شد بین نگرش دانشجویان درمورد به‌کارگیری فناوری اطلاعات و ارتباطات در فعالیت­های آموزشی و پژوهشی برحسب داشتن/ نداشتن رایانة شخصی در سطح پنج درصد تفاوت معنی­داری وجود داشت. نتایج تحلیل رگرسیون بیانگر آن بود که 2/62 درصد از واریانس متغیر وابسته را سه متغیر میزان آشنایی با زمینه­های مختلف مرتبط با فناوری اطلاعات و ارتباطات، تعداد شرکت در دوره­های آموزشی در زمینة رایانه و اینترنت و میزان ساعت استفاده از اینترنت تبیین می‌کنند. 1 The main objective of this descriptive- correlative research was to study factors influencing the agricultural M.Sc. students’ attitudes towards application of information and communication technology (ICT) in the research and educational activities. The statistical population of the study consisted of all M.Sc. students in the agricultural majors in the University of Zanjan (N= 337). According to the Krejcie & Morgan Table, a sample size of 180 was selected using a stratified random sampling method (n=180). A questionnaire was used to collect the data. The correlation analysis showed that there was a significant and positive relationship between the dependent variable of “students' attitudes towards application of ICT in the research and educational activities” and independent variables of number of attending in the educational courses related to computer and internet (P< 0.01), hours of internet use (P< 0.05) and level of familiarity with ICT (P< 0.05). The t-test revealed that there was a significant difference between attitudes of students having personal computer with student not having personal computer (P< 0.05). Regression analysis indicated that 62.2% variances of the dependent variable were explained by the three variables including: level of familiarity with ICT, number of attending in the educational courses related to computer and internet and hours of internet use.   131 141 روح اله رضائی Rohollah Rezaei دانشیار گروه ترویج، ارتباطات و توسعة روستایی دانشکدة کشاورزی، دانشگاه زنجان ایران r_rezaei@znu.ac.ir آمنه موسویان Ameneh Mosavian کارشناس ارشد ترویج کشاورزی، دانشگاه زنجان ایران a.mosavian@gamil.com آموزش عالی کشاورزی دانشجویان فناوری اطلاعات و ارتباطات نگرش Barani, H. & Ghodsrasi, H. (2003). Fears and hopes in the process of ICT development in rural areas. Proceedings of the First Conference on ICT applications in villages, 5 and 6 December, Tehran, pp. 31- 36. (In Persian)##Biglari, E. & Agahi, H. (2010). Factors influencing on the use of ICT by the faculty members of Razi University of Kermanshah. Journal of Iranian Research Center of Science and Technology, 26 (1), 29- 44. (In Persian)##Dille, B. & Mezack, M. (1991). Identifying predicators of high risk among community college tele-course students. American Journal of Distance Education, 5 (1), 24- 35.##Falaki, M., Shabanali- Fami, H., Iravani, H. & Movahed-Mohammadi, H. (2008). Study of attitudes of agricultural extension experts towards information technology application in Iranian agricultural extension system. Journal of Agricultural and Natural Resources technology and Science, 12 (43), 253- 267. (In Persian)##Fallah- Haghighi, N., Shabanali- Fami, H., Asadi, A. & Bijani, M. (2008). Attitude of agricultural extension agents to the application of ICT in Gilan Province. Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 10 (2), 127- 134. (In Persian)##Farajollahi, M. & Zarif-Sanayei, N. (2009). Education based on information technology. Magazine of Education Strategies, 2 (4), 167- 171. (In Persian)##Friedman, S. & Egold, B. (2005). Technology: Risks and the media. IEEE Tech Soc Magazine, 24 (4), 5- 11.##Goodman, P. (2004). Technology enhanced learning: Opportunities for change. USA: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Press.##Holecombe, M. (2000). Factors influencing the teacher acceptance of the internet as a teaching tools: A study of Texas schools receiving a TIF or a TIF grant. Unpublished master's thesis, University of Baylor, USA, pp. 107- 183.##Jackson, A. (2007). Factors that affect information technology adoption by teachers. Journal of Educational Technologies, 2 (5), 12- 19.##Jankowska, A.M. (2004). Identifying university professors’ information needs in the challenging environment of information and communication technologies. Journal of Academic Librarianship, 30 (1), 51- 66.##Karimi, A. & Asadi, A. (2006). Factor analysis of factors influencing the use of information technologies by educators in science- applied agriculture and natural resources education. Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 8 (2), 45- 56. (In Persian)##Knight, H. & Pierce, J. (2003). To kill a technology. 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0 واکاوی سازه های مؤثر بر دیدگاه اعضای اتحادیۀ تشکل های آب بران دربارۀ توسعۀ مسئولیت های تشکل (مورد مطالعه: حوزۀ پایاب سد درودزن فارس) Analysis of factors affecting on water users associations union members’ attitude toward development of associations responsibilities (Case study: Downstream Zone of Doroodzan Dam in Fars) https://ijaedr.ut.ac.ir/article_54487.html 10.22059/ijaedr.2015.54487 0 امروزه بسیاری از دولت­ها ازجمله ایران دریافته­اند که عامل اصلی رویارویی با بحران­های آب در بخش کشاورزی از نادیده‌انگاشتن بهره­برداران در عرصة مدیریت آب نشئت گرفته است. از این‌رو، به انتقال مدیریت آبیاری از دولت به جوامع محلی در قالب تشکل­های آب­بران توجه شده است. همچنین، واگذاری مسئولیت­ها به تشکل­های آب­بران بدون بررسی دیدگاه‌ها و نظرهای بهره­برداران موجب شکست این­گونه تشکل­ها می‌شود. در این راستا، پژوهش حاضر با هدف واکاوی سازه­های مؤثر بر دیدگاه اعضای اتحادیة تشکل­های آب­بران دربارة توسعة مسئولیت­های تشکل در محدودة کانال اردیبهشت درودزن در استان فارس به روش کمی و با استفاده از فن پیمایش و ابزار پرسشنامه انجام گرفت. آزمودنی­های این تحقیق شامل 245 نفر از اعضای اتحادیة تشکل­های آب­بران بودند که با استفاده از روش نمونه­گیری تصادفی ساده از بین جامعة آماری پژوهش انتخاب شدند. در کل، یافته­های پژوهش نشان داد از بین چهار دسته سازه­های فردی- نگرشی، اجتماعی، زراعی- موقعیتی و اقتصادی، متغیرهای اندازة­­ خانوار، نگرش به سازمان آب و شرکت بهره­برداری، نگرش به وجود روابط عادلانه در تشکل، مدت عضویت فرد در تشکل، سطح تحصیلات، میزان مشارکت در فعالیت­های اجتماعی، میزان مشارکت در فعالیت­های تشکل، رعایت اصول اخلاقی در بین اعضا، میزان استفاده از آب کانال، نوع تشکل، نوع محصولات زراعی و سطح زیر­کشت،­ رابطة معنی­داری با دیدگاه دربارة توسعة مسئولیت­های تشکل داشتند. درضمن، نتایج تحلیل رگرسیون چندگانه نشان داد درمورد دیدگاه دربارة توسعة مسئولیت­های تشکل، سه متغیر نگرش به وجود روابط عادلانه در تشکل، نگرش به سازمان آب و شرکت بهره‌برداری و میزان استفاده از آب کانال، می‌توانند حدود 36 درصد از تغییرات آن­ را تبیین کنند. در ادامه، با توجه به یافته­های پژوهش، پیشنهادهایی به‌منظور بهبود دیدگاه اعضا دربارة توسعة مسئولیت‌های تشکل ارائه می‌شود. 1 Nowadays, many governments have found that the main cause of water crises in agricultural sector related to neglecting farmers’ role in irrigation and drainage networks management. Water Users Association has been considered in order to transferring irrigation management to local beneficiaries. If farmers' opinion toward such transferring don't be investigated, it may lead to failure. Therefore, analysis of factors affecting on water users associations union members’ attitude toward development responsibilities in Doroodzan district (Ordibehesht Canal) was the main objective of this study. Quantitative method was used as research method by using survey technique and questionnaire. 245 of water users associations members were selected as sample group by using simple random sampling method. Findings revealed that through the four factor groups (individual-attitudinal, social, farming-situational, and economic), household size, attitude toward Regional Water Organization and local Water Utilization Company, attitudes toward fair relationships in the association, background of membership in the association, level of education, level of participation in social activities, level of participation in association activities, respect to ethical principles among members of the association, amount of canal water usage, kind of association, kind of crops and cultivation area of summertime crops were significant relationship with attitude toward development of water users associations responsibilities. The results of multiple regression analysis revealed that three variables (attitude toward fair relationships in the association, attitude toward Regional Water Organization and local Water Utilization Company, and amount of canal water usage) could predict about 36 percent changes of attitude toward development of water users association responsibilities. Some executive recommendations presented to augment members’ attitude toward development responsibilities of water users associations at the end of the article. 143 155 داریوش حیاتی Dariush Hayati دانشیار بخش ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی دانشگاه شیراز ایران hayati@shirazu.ac.ir زیبا نجفی قرقانی Ziba Najafi Ghareghani کارشناس ارشد شرکت مهندسی مشاور پوراب فارس ایران najafi@gmail.com تشکل های آب بران توسعة مسئولیت دیدگاه عوامل مؤثر مشارکت 1)       Ahmadvand, m., E, Zare, A. & Bidmeshky, M. (2010). " Formation of Water  Users Cooperative in Kavar district in Fars Province: a survey. 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0 عوامل بیرونی مؤثر بر نظام ترویج کشاورزی ایران تا افق 1404 شمسی External factors affecting the Iranian Agricultural Extension System (IAES) by 2025 https://ijaedr.ut.ac.ir/article_54488.html 10.22059/ijaedr.2015.54488 0 هدف کلی این تحقیق، شناسایی عوامل بیرونی مؤثر بر نظام ترویج کشاورزی ایران تا افق سال 1404 شمسی با استفاده از آرای صاحب­نظران این حوزه است. طراحی این پژوهش کیفی با استفاده از تکنیک دلفای  (Delphi Technique) برای دستیابی به توافق گروهی صورت گرفت. جامعة آماری این تحقیق تمام سیاستگذاران نظام ترویج کشاورزی کشور هستند که با استفاده از روش نمونه­گیری هدفمند، بیست نفر از آن‌ها برای پاسخگویی به پرسش اصلی تحقیق انتخاب شدند. روایی پرسشنامه‌ها نیز توسط پانلی از متخصصان بررسی و تأیید شد. نتایج تحقیق نشان داد پاسخگویان احتمال وقوع شانزده عامل بیرونی مؤثر بر نظام ترویج کشاورزی ایران را تا افق سال 1404 شمسی در سطح «متوسط تا زیاد» بیان کردند که اجماع و توافق گروهی در احتمال وقوع پانزده عامل بین پاسخگویان به­دست آمد. این عوامل به‌ترتیب، در هفت دستة زیرساختی، بوم­شناسی، اقتصادی، فرهنگی، نهادی، انقلاب­های علمی و فناوری و جمعیتی طبقه­بندی شدند. 1 The purpose of this study was to identify external factors affecting the Iranian Agricultural Extension System (IAES) by 2025 using agricultural extension authorities’ viewpoints. Results of this qualitative study were obtained by using a modified Delphi technique to reach group consensus. The target population was 20 policy makers that selected by judgment sampling. It is noted that the validity of questionnaire was confirmed by panel of experts. Results of study indicated the probability of occurring sixteen external factors affecting IAES by 2025 was at “moderate to high” level that consensus was reached on fourteen external factors affecting IAES. These factors, respectively, in seven categories of "infrastructure, ecology, economic, cultural, institutional, scientific and technological revolution and the population" were reduced. 157 166 سعید فعلی Saeid Feali دانشجوی دکتری ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی دانشگاه تربیت مدرس ایران feali@mailinator.com غلام‌رضا پزشکی راد Gholamreza Pezeshki Rad دانشیار دانشکدة کشاورزی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس ایران pezeshki.gh@gmail.com حسن صدیقی Hasan Sedighi دانشیار دانشکدة کشاورزی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس ایران sedighi@mailinator.com اسماعیل شهبازی Esmaeil Shahbazi استاد دانشگاه شهید بهشتی ایران shahbazi@mailinator.com سید جواد قریشی ابهری Seyed Javad Ghoreish Abhari معاون ترویج و آموزش سازمان تات ایران ghoreishi@mailinator.com ایران تکنیک دلفای عوامل مؤثر نظام ترویج کشاورزی Allahyari, S. M. (2008). Redefining of agricultural extension objectives toward sustainability in Iran. American-Eurasian Journal Agricultural & Environmental Sciences, 4 (3): 349-353.##Anderson, R. G. & Feder, G. (2004). 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0 تاثیر کسب اطلاعات از کانال های ارتباطی میان‌فردی انگورکاران بر مقدار مصرف صحیح کود در تاکستان‌های شهرستان خرمدره Impact of information obtain from interpersonal communication channels on using optimum amount of fertilizers by grape farmers in the Khoramdareh township https://ijaedr.ut.ac.ir/article_54489.html 10.22059/ijaedr.2015.54489 0 رفتار کشاورزان می‌تواند متأثر از عوامل اجتماعی- اقتصادی گوناگونی باشد. هدف این پژوهش، تحلیل تأثیر منابع اطلاعاتی میان‌فردی بر رفتار انگورکاران از لحاظ مقدار مصرف صحیح کود در تاکستان‌هایشان است. داده‌های این پژوهش پیمایشی با استفاده از پرسشنامه و از طریق مصاحبه‌های ساختارمند گردآوری شدند و 260 نفر از 3942 انگورکار شهرستان خرمدره با روش نمونه‌گیری تصادفی طبقه‌ای برای نمونه انتخاب شدند. روایی محتوای پرسشنامه با استفاده از نظرهای متخصصان مرتبط و روایی سازه براساس تحلیل روایی همگرایی به‌دست آمد. تحلیل پایایی ابزار نیز با استفاده از آزمون راهنما و محاسبة ضریب کرونباخ آلفا (71/0 تا 91/0) صورت گرفت. نتایج نشان داد کودهای میکرو و دامی نسبت به دیگر کودها بیشتر به‌طور صحیح استفاده می‌شدند، درحالی‌که کودهای اسیدبوریک، ورمی‌کمپوست و کود سبز کمترین مصرف صحیح را در بین انگورکاران داشتند. کمتر از نیمی از انگورکاران مقدار دیگر کودها را به‌صورت صحیح استفاده می‌کردند. رفتار کشاورزان درمورد مقدار مصرف صحیح کود می‌تواند از طریق متغیرهای سن باغداران، مداخله‌گری دولت و کسب اطلاعات از کارشناسان جهاد کشاورزی شهرستان، بازدیدهای انجام‌گرفته از تاکستان‌های خارج از روستا، فروشندگان سموم و نهاده‌های کشاورزی و کشاورزان نمونه و باتجربه تبیین شود؛ بنابراین، رفتار کشاورزان می‌تواند متأثر از منابع اطلاعاتی رسمی و غیر رسمی باشد. 1 Farmers' behavior can be affected by different socio-economic factors. The purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of interpersonal information sources on grape farmers’ behavior in terms of optimum use of fertilizers in their vineyards. The data for this survey were collected using a questionnaire through structured interviews. A sample of 260 out of 3942 grape farmers of the Khoramdareh township was selected using a stratified sampling technique. The content validity of the questionnaire was obtained through a panel of expert discussion and the questionnaire constructs were validated using the convergence analysis technique. The instrument reliability was also analyzed by a pilot test and measuring the Cronbach’s Alpha Coefficient (0.71-0.91). Results showed the highest percentage of optimum use of fertilizers belonged to micro element fertilizers and livestock manures, while the lowest optimum use of fertilizers was related to the Boric Acid, vermi-compost and green fertilizers. Less than half of the farmers used appropriate amount of other fertilizers. Farmers’ behavior regarding the use of optimum amount of fertilizers can be explained by variables such as farmer age, government interventions for improving orchards, and information obtain from the township Jihad-e- Agriculture Directorate specialists, particularly the Horticulture Office, from visiting the vineyards outside their village, from pesticide and input sellers, and from model and experienced farmers. Thus, farmers' behavior can be affected by both formal and informal interpersonal information sources. 167 176 سیده شیرین گلباز Seyede Shirin Golbaz دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی، دانشگاه زنجان ایران shiringolbaz90@gmail.com اسماعیل کرمی دهکردی Esmaeil Karami Dehkordi دانشیار گروه ترویج، ارتباطات و توسعة روستایی، دانشگاه زنجان ایران e.karami@znu.ac.ir غلامرضا مجردی Gholamreza Mojaradi استادیار گروه ترویج، ارتباطات و توسعة روستایی، دانشگاه زنجان ایران gh.r.mojarradi@znu.ac.ir انگورکار خرمدره رفتار کود منابع اطلاعاتی Alfred, S.D.Y. & Fagbenro, O.A. (2006). Perception of Tilapia Farmers on Information Sources in the Coastal Region of Ondo State, Nigeria. In: (Wilfrido, M. et al eds) Tilapia, Sustainable Aquaculture From The New Millennium. Proceeding of 7th International Symposium on Tilapia in Aquaculture (ISTA) Boca del Rio. Veracruz, Mexico.2:274- 279.##Bokusheva, R., Finger, R., Fischler, M., Berlin, R., Marin, Y., Perez, F. and Paiz, F. (2012). 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Payam Noor University On Khuzestan Province. (In Farsi)##Mvsavi, M.. Zratkysh, E. (2010).  Survey factors affecting the desire and demand of farmers to   Agricultural Insurance  at  Kohgiluyeh. Second National Conference on Agriculture and Sustainable development. Opportunities and challenges ahead.  Islamic Azad University of Shiraz. (In Farsi)##Nejatiyan, M..A. (2005).  Collect and evaluation Primary Statistics Primary Qazvin Province. Journal of Seed and Plant Research. (22), 338-319. (In Farsi)##Paudel, P., and Matsuoka, A. (2008). Factors Influencing Adoption of Improved Maize Varieties in Nepal: A Case Study of Chitwan District. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2(4), 823-834.##PezeshkiRad, Gh. & Karamidehkordi, E. (2012). Social Statistics and Data Analysis for research on Agricultural Extension, Development and Education. Tehran: Tarbiat Modares University Press. (In Farsi)##PezeshkiRad, GH., Mostafavi, S., & KaramiDehkordi, E. (2011). 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0 بررسی آثار رفاهی حذف مداخلۀ دولت از بازار ذرت ایران Survey of welfare impacts of elimination of government intervention on maize market https://ijaedr.ut.ac.ir/article_54490.html 10.22059/ijaedr.2015.54490 0 هدف از انجام‌دادن این مطالعه تعیین آثار رفاهی آزادسازی تجاری و حذف مداخلة دولت از بازار ذرت است. به‌این‌منظور، از داده­های سری زمانی 1340-1388 استفاده شد و توابع عرضة داخلی، تقاضای داخلی و تقاضای وارداتی ذرت برآورد شد. نتایج تخمین این توابع نشان داد کشش قیمتی عرضه و تقاضا به‌ترتیب 32/0 و 25/0- است. سپس با استفاده از کشش قیمتی عرضه و تقاضای ذرت آثار رفاهی این سیاست اندازه­گیری شد. همچنین، با توجه به اطلاعات دردسترس مشاهده شد قیمت وارداتی ذرت از قیمت تولیدکننده و مصرف­کنندة داخلی پایین­تر است. از این‌رو، درصورت آزادسازی تجاری، رفاه تولیدکنندگان و مصرف­کنندگان به‌ترتیب کاهش و افزایش می­یابد. همچنین، در پی اجرای این سیاست هزینه­های دولت کاهش می­یابد. درکل، نتایج نشان داد آزادسازی تجاری بازار ذرت به افزایش رفاه اجتماعی منجر می­شود. 1 The main purpose of this study is to determine welfare impacts of trade liberalization on maize market. For this purpose, we used from time series data for the period 1961/2009 and estimated domestic supply, domestic demand and import demand for maize. Results of estimation showed that price elasticity of supply and demand is 0.32 and -0.25, respectively. Then, by means of these elasticities, we measured welfare impacts of this policy. Regarding to available information, observed that imported price of maize is lower than producer and consumer price. Therefore, we expect that by doing trade liberalization policy, producer and consumer welfare decrease and increase, respectively. That result of this study confirms this pretension. Also, on the track of administration of this policy, government expenditure deceases. Finally, results showed that trade liberalization cause to social welfare increases. 177 184 آذر شیخ زین الدین Azar Sheikhzeinoddin دکتری اقتصاد کشاورزی دانشگاه شیراز ایران azeinoddin@yahoo.com محمد بخشوده Mohamad Bakhshoodeh استاد اقتصاد کشاورزی دانشگاه شیراز ایران bakhshoodeh@hotmail.com آزادسازی تجاری تعادل جزئی روش مدل وقفة توزیع‌شدة خودرگرسیونی رفاه اجتماعی ذرت 1-   Ahmadian, M., Islami, M.R., & Baghestani, A. (2010). Assessing the welfare impacts of maize production technologies progress in Iran, Journal of agricultural extension and education research, 3(1): 31-44. (In Farsi).##2-   Haji Heidari, M., & Chizari, A. H. (2008). Policy analysis of corn market regulation in Iran, M.S. dissertation, University of Tarbiyat Modares, Tehran, Iran. (In Farsi).##3-   Hosseini Pour, M., & Ahmadian, M. (2008). Investigation of welfare effects of cotton technology level in Iran, Journal of promotion and agricultural economics, 1 (4): 1-10. (In Farsi).##4-   Hosseini, S., & Hassanpour, A., (2000). Performance Evaluation of prosperity and cheap food policy in Iran, Iranian Journal of Agricultural Science, 31 (3): 581-590. (In Farsi).##5-   Hosseini, S., & Abedi, S. (2007). Assessment the role of market components and government policies in determining the price of corn in Iran, journal of Agricultural economics, 1: 21-33. (In Farsi).##6-   WWW.FAO.Org##7-   WWW.Sci.ir##8-   Shooshtarian, A., & Bakhshoodeh, M. (2007). Investigation of Iranian wheat market liberalization on social welfare, Journal of Agricultural Science, 30 (1): 1-13. (In Farsi).##9-   GilanPour, A. (1995). The general agreement on tariffs and trade (GATT) and its possible effects on the agricultural sector of Iran: case study (rice), M.S. dissertation, University of Tehran, Iran. (In Farsi).##10-  Moridi, S., (1993). Pricing policies development tools: Review of Iran Experience, Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development, 3, 93-102. (In Farsi).##11-  Mousavi, S. N., Sadrolashrafi, M., (2007). Effects of globalization on supply, demand and import of Iranian wheat, Journal of Agricultural Economics, 1(1): 101-114. (In Farsi).##12-  Mousavi, S., Khalouie, A., Farajzadeh, Z., (2009). Welfare effects of subsidy removal of fertilizer on corn producer of Fars Province, Agricultural Economics Research, 1 (4): 61-76. (In Farsi).##13-  Najafi, B., (2000). Assessment of government supporting policies and their effects on the growth of essential agricultural products, planning and Agricultural Economics Research Institute. (In Farsi).##14-  Najafi, B., & Farajzadeh, Z., (2010). Welfare effects of fertilizer subsidy elimination on wheat consumer, Journal of Agricultural Economics Research, 2(1): 1-13.##15-  Nori, K., & Yazdani, S., (2000). Globalization and its impacts on the agricultural sector of Iran: A case study rice and date, Proceedings of the Third Conference of Iranian Agricultural Economics, Ferdosi University of Mashhad.##16-  Yavari, Gh. R., (2001). Investigation welfare effects of wheat pricing policy, 5 (18): 145-168.##17-  Dasilva, M. O., & Grans, T. (1999). wheat policy and economy-wide reform in Brazil. Agricultural Economics, 20: 143-157.##18-              Pesaran, M.H. & B. Pesaran. (1997). Working with Microfit 4.0. Oxford Univ.  Press, England.##19-              Sedighi, H.R., Lawler, K. & Katos, A.V. ( 2002). Econometrics, Apractical approach. Routledge, USA and Canada.##

0 متغیر‌های سازمانی مؤثر بر بهبود وضعیت تعاملی دانشکده‌های کشاورزی ایران در چارچوب مفهوم سلامت سازمانی (مورد مطالعه: دانشگاه‌های تهران، زنجان و اردبیل) Organizational variables affecting improvement of interaction status of Iranian agricultural colleges within the organizational health concept (Case study: Tehran, Zanjan and Ardebil Universities) https://ijaedr.ut.ac.ir/article_54491.html 10.22059/ijaedr.2015.54491 0 نتایج مطالعات مختلف نشان داد یکی از چالش‌های پیش‌ روی نظام آموزش عالی کشاورزی ایران، تعامل اندک با محیط و توجه محدود به نیازهای جامعه است. این مطالعه با هدف شناسایی متغیر‌های سازمانی مؤثر بر وضعیت تعاملی دانشکده‌های کشاورزی ایران از منظر مفهوم سلامت سازمانی انجام گرفت. جامعة آماری شامل اعضای هیئت‌علمی دانشکده‌های کشاورزی دانشگاه‌های تهران، زنجان و اردبیل بود که 97 نفر از آنان با استفاده از روش نمونه‌گیری طبقه‌ای تصادفی با انتساب متناسب به‌عنوان نمونة آماری انتخاب شدند. حجم نمونه با استفاده از فرمول کوکران تعیین شد. به‌منظور جمع‌آوری داده‌ها از پرسشنامه استفاده شد. با نظرخواهی از متخصصان، روایی ابزار پژوهش تأیید شد. به‌منظور تأیید پایایی آن نیز از روش آلفای کرونباخ استفاده شد که ضریب آلفای به‌دست‌آمده گویای مطلوب‌بودن آن است ) 83٪= α). به‌منظور تحلیل داده‌ها از نرم‌افزار SPSS استفاده شد. یافته‌های پژوهش نشان داد بین وضعیت تعاملی دانشکده‌های کشاورزی و پنج متغیر ماهیت کار، وضعیت سرپرستی، وضعیت پاداش، وضعیت پرداخت و قوانین و مقررات، رابطة مثبت و معنی‌دار وجود دارد. رابطة بین سابقة تدریس و میزان فعالیت‌های پژوهشی پاسخگویان با سطح نهادی معنی‌دار شد. همچنین، حدود 64 درصد پاسخگویان وضعیت تعاملی دانشکده‌های خود را پایین و تقریباً پایین ارزیابی کردند. 1 The results of studies conducted show that one of the main challenges of Iranian agricultural higher education system is limited interaction with the environment. The primary purpose of this study was to identifying organizational variables affecting improvement of interaction status of Iranian agricultural colleges within the organizational health concept. Target population included all of faculties’ members in agricultural colleges in Tehran, Zanjan and Ardebil universities. Statistical sample selected through proportional stratified random sampling. Sample size was designed by calculating Cochran formula. The research instrument was questionnaire. The validity of the questionnaire was approved by the judgment of experts. In order to measure the reliability of the questionnaire, Cronbach Alpha coefficients were calculated (α= 0.83). The data were analyzed by SPSS-win16 software's, with proper statistical methods. Findings showed that there is a positive and significant relation between interaction status and five variables such as nature of work, supervision situation, reward situation, payment situation and regulation. The relations between educational background variable as well as amount of scientific activities with interaction status as depended variable were significant. Likewise, about 64 percent of respondents evaluated their colleges’ interaction status in a low and relatively low level.    185 195 احسان قلی فر Ehsan Gholifar دانشجوی دکتری ترویج و آموزش کشاورزی دانشگاه تربیت مدرس ایران ehsan.gholifar@gmail.com مصطفی مرادی کفراج Mostafa Moradi Kafraj کارشناس ارشد، ترویج کشاورزی دانشگاه تهران ایران moradi@yahoo.com احمد رضوانفر Ahmad Rezvanfar استاد دانشکدة اقتصاد و توسعة کشاورزی دانشگاه تهران ایران arezvan@ut.ac.ir جو سازمانی چالش‌های آموزش عالی کشاورزی ایران رهبری سازمان سلامت سازمانی Ahanchiyan, M., Monidri, R. (2004). The relation between administrators’ communication skills and organizational health. Quarterly Human and Social Sciences, 4(12): 41-60.##Babolan, A., Askarian, M., Behrangi, M. and Naderi, E. (2009). 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